TOTANUS. 231 



Totanus hjpoleucus; Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 60o. 



Hypoleucus = vvoXevKOs, which generally = whitish, pale (from the ordinary 

 sense of VTTO in composition, " somewhat"), but here plainly=white underneath. 

 It wus the bird's common mediasval name. 



Distribution in the British Islands. A common Summer 

 Visitor from April to September, but occasionally met with 

 as early as March and as late as November. In the southern 

 half of England, to the east of the Severn, it rarely breeds, 

 but in Somersetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, and Wales and 

 to the north of the Trent it is common and widely distributed, 

 especially in Scotland, ranging to the Orkney and Shetland 

 Islands and the Outer Hebrides. It is common in Ireland 

 in summer, except in the south-east. As a Bird of Passage 

 it is generally distributed, and has been known to pass the 

 winter in south Devonshire. 



General Distribution. The Common Sandpiper breeds in 

 Europe and Asia from the Arctic Circle southwards to the 

 Canary Islands, the basin of the Mediterranean, and the 

 Himalaya. In winter it visits southern Africa, Madagascar, 

 and southern Asia, Japan, the Philippine Islands, and Malay 

 Archipelago, ranging to Australia and Tasmania. 



Totanus macularius. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 



macularia Linnceu*, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. i. 1766, 

 p. 249 : Pennsylvania. 



Tringoides macularius (Linn.) ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 174 ; 



Sharpe, Cat. Birds B. M. xxiv. 1896, p. 468. 

 Totanus macularius Saunders, Manual, 2nd ed. 1899, p. 605*. 



Macularius spotted ; from macula = a spot. 



Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. 

 Although reported on numerous occasions, most of the 

 older records are unsatisfactory. Seven or eight authentic 

 examples have been obtained in England : in Yorkshire, 



