LARUS. 257 



occurring annually, and occasionally in numbers in stormy 

 weather, as in the winters o 1872-3, 1874-5, and 1892. 

 It has also been met with in summer. It is most abundant 

 on the coasts of Scotland, and is rarer in England, Wales, 

 and Ireland. 



General Distribution. The Iceland Gull breeds on Jan 

 May en, Greenland, and Arctic America eastwards to Victoria 

 Land, also probably on Novaya Zemlya. In winter it visits 

 Iceland, the Faeroes, and Scandinavia, occasionally ranging 

 southwards to the west and north of France, and on one 

 occasion as far as Venice ; in America it ranges south to 

 Long Island and occasionally to the Great Lakes. It has 

 occurred in Nebraska and Maryland. 



Larus ichthyaetus. GREAT BLACK-HEADED GULL. 



Larus iclltliyaetus Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, ii. 1773, 

 p. 713 : Caspian sea. 



Larus ichthyaetus Pall. ; B. O. U. List, 1st ed. 1883, p. 190 ; 

 Saunders, Cat. Birds B. M. xxv. 1896, p. 176 ; id. Manual, 

 2nd ed. 1899, p. 669. 



Ichthyaetus= fish-eagle ; from ixdus and a'ero's. 



Distribution in the British Islands. A Rare Visitor. It 

 has occurred once off Exuiouth, Devonshire, May or June 

 1859. 



General Distribution. The Great Black-headed Gull 

 breeds on the inland seas and lakes of south-eastern Europe 

 and central Asia from the Sea of Azov and the Caspian sea 

 across Turkestan and Tibet eastwards to Koko-Nor and north 

 to Lake Zaisan. In winter it visits the eastern Mediter- 

 ranean, Palestine, Egypt, Nubia, the Red sea, and southern 

 Asia to India, Ceylon, and Burma. It is occasional in 

 Russia as far north as the Pskoff Government and the 

 central Irtysh. 



