THOUGHT CAPACITY IN ANIMALS 3 



a foundation for the furtherance of his theories, the 

 abilities already developed in this horse, while devoting 

 a more profound measure of insight to the entire 

 problem. 



Karl Krall, who lavished an untold amount of time 

 and money on the question, has also raised it to an 

 immeasurably higher plane. He has, indeed, placed 

 a remarkable collection of carefully selected material 

 at the service of the scientific world. With an unusual 

 amount of devotion, backed by patience and a genuine 

 affection for his charges, Karl Krall has carried on a 

 work of investigation to which he assigns no narrow 

 limits ; pursuing his labours with a cheerful energy, 

 fully convinced of the sacredness of his task. 



Anyone who has come into contact with Krall must 

 feel respect for this man, whatever doubts he may 

 harbour as to the results obtained. 



In 1908 Krall started work with two Arab stallions, 

 Zarif and Mohammed. Both these animals learnt to 

 count by means of rapping out the numbers with their 

 hoofs on a board. One rap with the left fore-hoof 

 always counted as " ten," while each rap with the 

 right fore-hoof counted as " one " only. The number 

 twenty-five was, therefore, composed of two left raps 

 and five right ones. Spelling was similarly indicated 

 by a system of raps meant to express separate letters 

 of the alphabet. A pause followed after each number 

 and the answers, being displayed to sight in the form 

 of rows of numbers, it sufficed to place the letter thus 

 indicated beneath its respective number in order to 

 work out the reply. In the course of time these 

 animals learnt the most varied forms of arithmetic, 

 even to the extent of extracting the most difficult 

 roots. They had, indeed, learnt to give answers which 

 were, for the part, quite independent thus supplying 



