III. THE HYPOTHESIS OF INTELLIGENCE IN 

 ANIMALS 



AsUMING, as I have done, and as I think I 

 must do, that we have not here to do with a 

 trick or fraud, we seem to be dreaming, or to 

 be reading the account of a dream. Those poor 

 horses of Elberfeld, so greatly extolled and so much 

 discussed in their day, are not in the same field with 

 Lola. And yet I am convinced that it is not a dream. 

 It is another kind of psychological reality, but it is 

 a reality probably too complex to be reduced to a 

 single formula. Let us then try to face the facts. 



As to the " intelligent " character of the mani- 

 festations, there is no possible doubt, even though 

 we put on one side for the present the arithmetical 

 phenomena, which perhaps must be treated from a 

 particular standpoint, as I shall explain. The question 

 before us is therefore a dilemma. Is there intelligence 

 in the dog, or is the intelligence in others ? 



If, by intelligence in this case we mean the possi- 

 bility of the animal under observation giving replies 

 to questions with, in the human sense, actual under- 

 standing of the import of such replies, as well as the 

 possibility of the animal, a dog two years old, being 

 able after a maximum of fifteen hours' lessons to read, 

 write and count, and know what it is learning; if 

 that is what is meant by intelligence in this case, I 



