162 LOLA 



although the latter held out as usual her own hand to 

 the dog. 



Therefore, there must be some " intelligence " in 

 the animal, as everything cannot come from outside 

 it in these experiments. Probably this intelligence 

 is not human in quality, but nevertheless not quite 

 rudimentary, and is such as we may imagine without 

 too much effort to exist in domestic animals which 

 by many signs often give us proof that they under- 

 stand at least in part what is taking place around and 

 within us. That such an intelligence could very 

 probably be educated, always within prehuman 

 limits or in a lesser degree than in human infancy, 

 does not on the whole seem to me so contradictory 

 to our actual psychological knowledge : since we may 

 very well suppose that the animal under examination 

 may make use of its proper faculties, as far as lies in 

 its power, to profit by the situation for the purpose 

 of accomplishing that which is required of it, under 

 the stimulus of allurements or threats. (It may even 

 be rather assumed that the exercise of its proper 

 faculties, which I regard as " intelligent," may procure 

 for the animal a certain degree of pleasure.) All this 

 is apart from the question of the arithmetical pheno- 

 mena which, as I have already said, deserve separate 

 consideration. 



Upon the facts as now established the knowledge 

 of numbers seems to be the basis of any educability 

 in animals. And this is perhaps the first and most 

 important discovery in the " new zoopsychology." 



In their search for others things, Von Osten, Krall, and 

 the Moekels have brought out clearly among various other 

 facts, without exactly accounting for it, the fundamental 

 fact of the existence in the animal of a psychic substratum 



