THINKING ANIMALS 171 



relationship in order to explain the Elberfeld facts, as soon 

 as they were known. Perhaps the first in chronological 

 order was De Vesme, who published in 1912 an interesting 

 article in that sense (3), showing the many analogiesbetween 

 the phenomena of Elberfeld and mediumistic phenomena 

 generally, e.g. the typtological particularities ; the wrong 

 orthography (" Firaz " tapped by the horse to express its 

 own name " Zariff," " Dref " instead of " Ferd," etc.) ; 

 solutions of difficult problems and invincible resistance to 

 simple inquiries ; immediate promptitude of correct 

 replies to complicated mathematical problems, etc. 



A similar work was Maeterlinck's, written in 1909 for a 

 German review, and then transformed into a long and 

 interesting chapter of the well-known volume, " L'hote 

 Inconnu " (10). 



Then in 1914 was published a book by E. G. Sanford 

 (5) containing some useful comparisons between " think- 

 ing " animals and mediumistic psychology. 



In Italy there were indications in the same sense, in the 

 work of Stefani (1913), Professor Siciliani (1914), and 

 others. But the subject was but little followed up. 



Even psychologists by profession seemed for a time 

 to be willing to accept the hypothesis of some " tele- 

 pathic " transmission of thought from the investigators 

 to the Elberfeld horses. 



Already Claparede (1912) had been forced to refer to this, 

 although he refused, so to speak, to discuss the matter ; 

 then G. G. Ferrari, and F. Pulle, in an interesting account 

 (4) relate how the horse taken by them for instruction 

 sometimes guessed the numbers that they were proposing 

 to them, and rapped out the answers before being asked to 

 do so. 



Whatever may be the fate of the telepathic hypo- 

 thesis, it may not be amiss to remind the reader that 

 it undoubtedly is very closely connected with the 

 mediumistic. The distinction between them is not 



