THINKING ANIMALS 179 



of a presumed " intelligence " rather than of an 

 automatism in the animal. But they should be 

 accepted cum grano. They may indeed contain a 

 good dose of involuntary suggestion, active or passive. 

 And again, it seems to me, for instance, a very doubtful 

 procedure to maintain, after a positive result has been 

 achieved by the animal, that the result should have 

 been on the other hand negative, if the education has 

 not yet reached the corresponding stage of develop- 

 ment ; and vice versa. As for me, when I read what 

 Miss Kindermann writes about the rapidity of Lola's 

 progress, I cannot help thinking that, if the authoress 

 had believed that she was able to obtain at once from 

 the dog the results which she did obtain after a year's 

 work, she would have obtained them fully and 

 completely. 



But this extreme supposition may be exaggerated. 

 I have already repeatedly referred to the hypothesis 

 that the psychic automatism in question may be only 

 concomitant. That is, I am convinced from what I 

 have seen myself and read that a foundation of intelli- 

 gence, of logical reasoning and of self consciousness, 

 must go to constitute in the animal the substratum 

 on which the wonders of the " new zoopsychology " 

 are built up. 



At first I was rather inclined to believe (as so many 

 others) that the facts discovered at Elberfeld and at 

 Mannheim could and should be explained simply by 

 the recognition of " intelligence " in the animal. The 

 chief results obtained up to then (i.e. up to the date of 

 my last publications on the subject), were the mathe- 

 matical prodigies performed by KralTs horses, and the 

 first " philosophic " manifestations of Rolf. I ac- 

 cordingly thought that I should be able to interpret 

 the new (and, in its complexity, rather modest) canine 



