THINKING ANIMALS 183 



thing similar was also produced by Rolf and the Elberfeld 

 horses. 



Of course, even after the development of this 

 " xenoglossy," it is difficult either to admit or to 

 refuse to admit some remainder of self-conscious 

 co-operation by the animal in its " answers." For my 

 part, I believe that simple replies may continue to 

 be formed in the normal self-conscious way. It is 

 certain, in my opinion, that this view is one of the only 

 two alternatives possible when we get replies to 

 questions the contents of which are entirely unknown 

 to everybody else present. The other alternative 

 is that of clairvoyance in those present followed by 

 projection by them to the animal of the idea obtained 

 clairvoyantly ; or else of a " telepathic " projection 

 of the sense-impression from the animal to the 

 bystanders, with return of the reply from the latter 

 to the former. I do not dare to complicate this 

 further ; the more so as in all the cases which I know 

 of in which replies were obtained to such questions, 

 very simple things only were dealt with : figures, or 

 modest problems ; or else problems which are abstruse 

 " to us," such as fourth and fifth roots, but which as 

 the animal was one of the horses at Elberfeld may be 

 explained by the general mathematical faculty without 

 drawing upon the mediumistic hypothesis. 



But that there is on the whole much of the sub- 

 liminal at work in all the cases noted is, I believe, 

 difficult to deny. 



We must remember that superior " force " by which 

 Miss Kindermann felt herself, as it were, compelled 

 (page 36). And in another place (page 40), the authoress 



mechanism of the glossolalia, but are simply the product of taps 

 made by the animal just for the sake of doing something. 



