A HISTORY OF ESSEX 



name Bos glganteus was suggested by Sir R. Owen. Its remains have 

 likewise been found at Clacton, Grays, Great Yeldham and Walton. In 

 addition to its occurrence at Walthamstow, the wild boar has been 

 recorded from Clacton, Colchester and Grays, although, curiously enough, 

 none of its remains were obtained by Sir A. Brady from Ilford. Of the 

 extinct European race of the hippopotamus {Hippopotamus amphibius 

 major) teeth and bones have been found in considerable numbers at 

 Chelmsford, Grays, Ilford and Walton. 



The wild horse (Equus caballus fossilis) appears to have been widely 

 distributed over the county, its remains being recorded from Audley 

 End, Clacton, Grays, Ilford, Saffron Walden and Walton. Of much 

 greater interest are the remains of rhinoceroses from the Essex deposits, 

 these being more varied and occurring in greater perfection than perhaps 

 in any other English county. They have been assigned to three species. 

 Of the woolly rhinoceros (Rhinoceros antiquitatis), which was a two- 

 horned species closely allied to the so-called white rhinoceros of Africa, 

 remains have been recorded from Chelmsford, Clacton, Ilford and 

 Walton. The second species, R. leptorhinus, which differs by the form 

 of its cheek-teeth but has a similar bony partition dividing the two 

 nostrils, occurs at Clacton, Grays, Great Yeldham, Ilford and Walton. 

 It is represented in the British Museum by no less than four Essex 

 skulls, two of which are from Walton and the others respectively from 

 Grays and Clacton. The Clacton skull, which is figured in Sir R. 

 Owen's British Fossil Mammals and Birds, has been the subject of much 

 controversy. The third form, R. mercki or R. megarhinus, has teeth very 

 similar to the last, with which indeed some have thought it to be 

 identical ; but, according to a recent publication by Professor H. F. 

 Osborn, it is perfectly distinct. It appears to have no partition between 

 the nostrils. Its remains occur at Grays, Ilford and Walton, many of 

 the molar teeth from the two former localities having been described 

 by Professor W. B. Dawkins. 



Teeth and bones of the mammoth (Elepbas primigenius), a near rela- 

 tive of the Indian elephant, have been obtained in great numbers from 

 the Ilford pits, which have likewise yielded a nearly entire skull, with 

 the tusks, of the same species, which is now preserved in the British 

 Museum. Mammoth remains have likewise been recorded from Chelms- 

 ford, Clacton, Grays, Great Yeldham, Harwich, Hedingham, Ilford, 

 Isle of Dogs, Walthamstow and Walton. Neither is evidence wanting 

 of the former presence in the county of the straight-tusked elephant 

 (E. antiquus), its remains, although less abundant than those of the 

 mammoth, occurring at Clacton, Grays, Harwich, Ilford, Saffron Walden 

 and Walton. Of the older southern elephant (E. meridionalis] no remains 

 appear to have been obtained on land within the confines of the county, 

 although its molar teeth have been dredged up off the coast. 



Vertebras provisionally assigned to the bottle-nosed dolphin (fTursiops 

 tursio) are known from the brickearth at Grays. 



One bird alone appears to have been identified as occurring in the 



28 





