INSECTS 



Pachnobla rubricosa is sometimes found at sallow and sloe blossoms, but is 

 far from common. Tceniocampa gothica and T. incerta (instabilis, Esp.) are 

 abundant. T. opima is rare, but has been found at Wanstead by Mr. 

 Machin and at Southend by Mr. Whittle, and was bred from a Colchester 

 larva in April, 1901. T. populeti is widely distributed among aspen. T. 

 stabilis is abundant. T. gracilis is of general occurrence. T. mimosa is 

 usually scarce but is found in many oak woods, where its gregarious larvae 

 are occasionally common. 7*. munda is more frequent among elm ; it is 

 widely distributed but scarce. T. pufoerulenta (cruda^ Tr.) abounds every- 

 where. Orthosia suspecta is very local. It is reported from Brentwood by 

 Mr. Raynor and from Rainham by Mr. Burrows. O. upsilon, O. /ota, O. 

 maci/enta, Anchocelis rufina and A. pistacina are all generally common. 

 A. lunosa is found pretty freely at ivy blossom and suburban gas lamps. 

 A. litura and Cerastis vaccinii are found everywhere. C. ligula (spadicea 

 Hb.) is much scarcer, at least in the Colchester and Southend districts. 

 Scopelosoma satellitia is common throughout the county. Oporina croceago 

 is scarce and local, but has occurred at Danbury, and has been taken at 

 Epping by Mr. Oldham, at Brentwood by Mr. Raynor, and at Wor- 

 mingford by Mrs. Bull. Xanthia citrago is well distributed among lime 

 trees. X.fuhago (cerago, Fb.) and X.jlavago (si/ago, Hb.) are common, 

 especially the former ; the larva? may be beaten from sallow catkins in 

 the spring and the perfect insects from yellow leaves in the autumn. X. 

 aurago is very scarce in the northern part of the county, but is more 

 frequently met with in the south. It has occurred at Colchester and 

 also in the Epping, Brentwood, Maldon and Stanford-le-Hope districts. 

 X. gi/vago may be beaten freely some seasons from the seeds of the wych 

 elm. X. ocellaris is extremely rare, single specimens only having been 

 captured by Mr. Percy Reid at Peering Bury near Kelvedon, and by 

 Mr. Whittle at Southend. X. circellaris (ferruginea, Esp.) is common 

 everywhere. Cirrhcedia xerampelina is apparently local and scarce, but has 

 been taken at Colchester, Epping, Maldon and Southend. 



COSMIID^E 



Tetbea subtusa is frequently found among black poplar and aspen, 

 but has been less common recently than it was formerly. T. retusa is 

 much scarcer and more local, but has been taken at Epping, Harwich, 

 Layer Marney and Rainham. Cosmia paleacea (fu/vago, Hb.) was once 

 captured at Hazeleigh by the Rev. G. H. Raynor, which seems to be 

 the only record. Dicycla oo has sometimes been found freely in many 

 places in south Essex, but is of very rare occurrence in the northern 

 districts. Epping, Hainault, Brentwood, and Rainham seem to have 

 been the most favoured localities, but it has been taken at Coggeshall, and 

 by Mr. Percy Adams at Halstead. Calymnia trapezina is very common 

 throughout the county. C. pyralina is rare and local. Mr. Raynor has 

 met with it at Brentwood and Hazeleigh, Mr. Garrow at Leytonstone, 

 and it has also been found by Mr. Burrows and Mr. Whittle. C. diffinis 

 and C. affinis have a wide distribution and are not uncommon in some 

 elm districts. 



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