THE DOMESDAY SURVEY 



it records, as a rule, the live stock. This rule is by no means invariable, 

 and, even where the numbers are recorded, we are not always told 

 whether they had increased or diminished in the interval between the 

 death of the Confessor and the date of the Domesday Survey. But 

 where this latter information is given, it is of considerable interest. We 

 may take as an exceptionally good instance Aubrey de Vere's manor of 

 (Earls) Colne : 



cows beasts sheep swine goats rounceys 



1066 ... 20 19 120 60 60 3 



1086 ... 45 160 80 80 4 



There were also in 1086 '6 asses and 20 mares,' so that we have such 

 variety of stock as is not recorded, perhaps, anywhere else in the county. 

 The first point to strike us here is the vague use of the term ' beasts ' 

 (animalia}, which is generally recognized as equivalent to animalia ofiosa, 

 that is, cattle kept for other purposes than that of draught. The (Earls) 

 Colne entry is but one of several which suggest, as I have pointed out in 

 notes to the text, that cows, though sometimes separately named, must 

 often be included in the term ' beasts ' (animalia]. We have here another 

 illustration of that looseness of terminology that is so distinctive of the 

 Domesday scribe and so alien from our own usage. Its position on the 

 banks of the river from which it derived its name made the manor, as 

 Domesday shows, rich in the meadow land required for its head of stock, 

 besides providing it with the two watermills it possessed then as now, 

 Domesday naming them, as usual, immediately after the meadow. 



The live stock entered in Domesday was that of the lord on his 

 demesne. Of this we are reminded by the occasional addition of the 

 words ' in dominio.' There are several records by which light is thrown 

 on the system of stocking manors in the century after Domesday. The 

 early leases of St. Paul's record, for certain manors, the live as well as the 

 dead stock which the ' farmer,' at the close of his lease, had to restore to 

 the canons ;' the Pipe Rolls record the expense incurred in stocking or 

 re-stocking manors which had come by escheat into the king's hands ;* 

 and the Rotulus de Dominabus (1185), a century after Domesday, which 

 contains estimates of the amount of stock required on manors belonging 

 to wards in the king's hands to make them fully productive. Both these 

 latter records assume that a manor must increase in annual value when 

 fully stocked. 8 But this, though it seems obvious, does not follow in 



1 At Wickham St. Paul's, for instance (Domesday of St. Pauri, p. 122), he had to produce 16 (plough) 

 oxen (worth 28 pence each), 4 horses (worth 10 shillings), eight score sheep (at 4 pence each), 24 swine 

 (at 5 pence each), a sow with 9 porkers (worth 19 pence), and 36 goats (at 4 pence each). These 

 figures contrast with Domesday's two plough-teams in demesne, 2 rounceys (i.e. horses), 4 beasts, 23 

 swine, 50 sheep, and 24 goats (see p. 442 below). 



* In 1167 two of the escheated manors of Henry of Essex, Stoke(-by-Nayland) and Prittlewell, had 

 to be re-stocked. For the former there were bought 5 oxen, 6 cows, 80 sheep, 5 sows, and 1 1 porkers, 

 at a cost of 3 61. \J. ; for the latter, I ox, 2 boars, and 82 sheep, at a cost of i i6/. $J. (Pipe Roll, 

 13 Hen. II. p. 153). 



B It valued the manor of Rickling as worth 15 without stock and zo if properly stocked (p. 40). 

 At Rochford, where there was no stock on the manor, its value was reckoned at it if properly stocked, 

 that is, if supplied with 6 cows, i bull, 10 sows, I boar, 2 plough-teams, 250 sheep and 25 rams (p. 39). 

 The proportion of I to 10 was then observed with rams and boars. At about the same time (i 181) it 



367 



