MARINE ZOOLOGY 



Lancashire waters, and also the Ctenophores, but the county waters contain relatively few of the 

 zoophytes, and not all the Actinians described. The Siphonophores are Agalmopsis elegans, Sars., and 

 Vtlella pe/agica, Esch. These are to be regarded as visitants only. 



PLATYHELMINTHES (Flat worms) 



Thirty-three species of Turbellaria are recorded in the B. A. List of 1896 and in subsequent 

 lists. Most of these have been described from Manx waters, but there can be little doubt that they 

 exist also on the Lancashire coasts, which, in many places, furnish a suitable habitat for these 

 creatures. 



Trematoda or ' flukes ' are all parasitic in fishes, sea birds, and marine mammalia, larval stages 

 being, however, found in every class of invertebrata. It is only recently that these animals have 

 been worked at, and then only in connexion with the economic investigations of the Lancashire 

 Sea Fisheries Committee. It is mainly because of the great importance that these parasites may 

 possess in connexion with disease that this study has become of such importance. About a dozen 

 ectoparasitic and four or five endoparasitic Trematodes have so far been recorded from fishes caught 

 on the Lancashire coast. This can only be a small fraction of the number of these worms that are 

 no doubt present. Of the ectoparasitic forms, four, Diplectanum esquans, Diesing, Leucithodendrium 

 somateria;, Lev., Microcotyle lairacis, van Ben. and Hesse, and Placunella pini, van Ben. and Hesse, 

 were new to the British fauna when recorded from Lancashire. 



Cestoda or tapeworms are as yet practically untouched, only about three species having been 

 actually recorded from Lancashire fishes. These are Bothriocephalus punctatus, Tetrarhynchus 

 tetrabothrius, van Ben. and T. erinaceus, van Ben. 



ECHINODERMATA (Starves, etc.) 



Thirty-five species of Echinoderms are recorded in the B. A. List of 1896. Most of these 

 occur on the Lancashire shores and sea, but the crinoid Antedon, the rosy feather star, is found about 

 Puffin Island on the south and round the Isle of Man. The sea-cucumber, Cucumaria plancei, was 

 first found in Britain in this district. I have seen it in great abundance in Luce Bay, north of the 

 Irish Sea proper. The commonest forms, such as Asterias, Echinus, So/aster, Spatangus, Ophiocoma, 

 and Ophiura, are, however, very abundant. I have known a tow-net gathering taken off the mouth 

 of the Kibble to consist of practically nothing else than the pluteus larvae of some Echinid. 



ACANTHOCEPHALA 

 This small group of parasitic worms is apparently represented by Echinorhynchus acus only. 



CH^TOGNATHA 



Sagitta tipunctata, Quoy and Gaimard, the arrow worm, is the only species recorded from 

 Lancashire ; but I think that other species probably exist and have not been discriminated. 



NEMERTINEA 

 Twenty-six nemertines are recorded in the B.A. List of 1896. 



HIRUDINEA (Leeches) 



The well-known skate-leech, Pontobdella muncata, and a leech from the angler fish, are the 

 only hirudineans recorded. 



GEPHYREA 



Only Thalassema lankesteri, Herd., and Phascolosoma vu/gare, de Bl., are recorded, but no doubt 

 other species exist. The former species does not belong to Lancashire waters, being got far out 

 at sea. 



CH^TOPODA 



Ninety species of Chaetopods (including the Archiannelids and Myzostomida) are recorded in 

 the B. A. List of 1896. Not all these are recorded from the Lancashire shores, but there is little 

 doubt that the majority are to be found if properly looked for. 



POLYZOA 



About 150 species and named varieties are recorded in the B. A. List. 



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