A HISTORY OF DERBYSHIRE 



though the hard and rocky ground of Peakland prohibited the exten- 

 sive use of the spade or its early forerunner ; whilst every variety and age 

 of the subsequent classes has at least some representatives. 1 



Of Class A Derbyshire has three examples all memorable, the Carl's 

 Wark, Comb Moss, and Markland Grips. The first of these, which has 

 more of stone than earthwork about it, has received considerable attention 

 at the hands of both competent and incompetent writers ; whilst the last 

 has hitherto met with the most strange neglect and silence. 



There are also three good examples of Class B, Cronkstone, Fin Cop, 

 and Mam Tor, taking them in alphabetical order ; but whilst the last is 

 still singularly fine, and in a well-known and commanding position, the 

 other two are much less important and considerably obliterated. 



Class C includes rectangular works of no small interest of the 

 Romano- British period, such as the forts of Melandra and Brough, but 

 these come within the scope of the article on Romano-British Remains. 

 Eight other examples have been placed in this division as coming under 

 the head of ' simple enclosures ' of a circular form. Staden Low (pro- 

 bably a former stone circle) can scarcely be called ' simple,' for it has a 

 small rectangular enclosure associated with one of circular shape ; but it 

 would otherwise have had to form a class to itself. 



Of Class D there are at least five Derbyshire instances, Holmesfield, 

 Hope, Tapton, and two at Morley, and of these that at Hope and one of 

 those at Morley alone retain any magnitude.* 



The seventeen cases of fortified mounts with courts or baileys 

 attached, grouped together under Class E, bring together works of very 

 diverse dates, some undoubtedly pre-historic, and others of a compara- 

 tively late mediaeval date. In thus grouping them, the suggestion made 

 by the Congress Report of 1903 has been followed, wherein it was stated 

 that ' though not strictly within the scope of this enquiry, it is suggested 

 that all mediaeval castles should be included in the schedules, since many 

 of them originated in earthworks of Class E.' At Pilsbury there is 

 undoubtedly pre-historic work, though perhaps used again in mediaeval 

 times, and at Bakewell an almost certain example of a tenth-century work, 

 which may have been subsequently converted into a post-Conquest 

 fortress ; whilst at Duffield the site of a once massive Norman keep has 

 been shown, by incontestable evidence of the spade and pick, to have 

 been previously occupied by successive generations of Romano-British and 

 Anglo-Saxon defenders. 8 The complicated rectangular enclosure of 



1 The numerical references after the names of the various earthworks refer to the 25 in. to the mile 

 Ordnance Survey maps, the Roman numeral giving the sheet, and the Arabic numeral the subdivision. 

 In these great maps each sheet has sixteen subdivisions. If the exact reference to the 6 in. to the mile 

 maps, with their four subdivisions to the sheet, is required, it is well to remember that the sheet 

 number is the same, and that I, 2, 5 and 6 are ' N.W.' ; 3, 4, 7 and 8 ' N.E.' ; 9, 10, 1 3 and 14 ' S.W.' ; 

 and II, 12, 15 and 16 ' S.E.' 



* Mr. Andrew has noticed what he considers to be traces of a mount of this description to the weit 

 of Chelmorton church. 



s The old name ' Castle ' applied to not a few of the Derbyshire earthworks dispels the popular 

 conception of a castle being necessarily composed of masonry. The New EngRsb Diet, says that the 

 word castle is rightly applied to ' ancient British or Roman earthworks.' 



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