CO THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS. 



INSECTS AND DISEASES. 



Some of tlie insect enemies of tlie apple have become much more 

 formidable tban formerly. Of these the three most conspicuous and 

 troublesome, over a large portion of the countr}'-, are the borer, the 

 canker worm, and the codling moth. Of the first named there are 

 two sorts — the flat-heads and the round-heads— whose work is much 

 the same ; the one working generally high up in the stem of the 

 tree, and the other about the collar and the roots near the surface 

 of the ground. 



A wash made of tobacco, sulphur, and soap-suds, applied in the 

 spring, after digging away the earth from the trunk of the tree, has 

 been used with great euccess. A mound of ashes placed around the 

 tree in the winter, and allowed to remain until after the hatching 

 of the eggs in early summer, is a good preventive. When fairly in 

 and at work in the wood, the best remedy is to find their holes 

 and kill them with some sharp instrument — an awl or a piece of 

 wire. They should be most carefully guarded against, and sought 

 for when they have made a lodgment. In some localities they have 

 been very destructive. 



The canker-worms are not so well known, though at times very 

 numerous and very destructive. They sometimes infest orchards 

 by millions and hundreds of millions, and if not checked will almost 

 completely strip it of its foliage. Whole orchards will sometimes 

 piesent an appearance similar to that caused by a fire passing 

 through it. 



The codling moth, or apple-worra, is the most destructive insect 

 with which the orchardist has to contend. Its depredations cost the 

 country many millions annually. Hence it should be the duty of 

 every fruit-grower to learn something of its nature and habits, in 

 order that its depredations may be counteracted or averted. The fol- 

 lowing will give the uninitiated some knowledge of the insect : 



These moths pass the winter in the pupa state, in cocoons, under 

 the loose bark of the tree, or in such crevices as they can find about 

 the apple barrels or bins. It is a question whether they ever eutei 

 the ground to remain over winter, as has been supposed by some. 



They appear in the spring as moths about the time of the opening 

 of the apple blossoms, the time varying in different latitudes and 

 in different years. 



As soon as the apple is out of the blossom, the moih begins to 



