i6 



POPULAR GARDENING. 



October, 



sale of the fruit, placing it all over the United 

 States and Canada. The crop on this Peninsula 

 will be T,0(X1,000 baskets, and just such a process 

 la needed for an outlet, and to secure good prices. 

 On the other hand there is a fruit exchange on 

 the peninsula, and the members of this organi- 

 zation say that the bureau will be a failure, as 

 they advocate that the buyers shall be here on 

 the spot and pay the cash. 



Horticulture at Buffalo's Interna- 

 tional Exhibition. 



For the initial display in what is to be a 

 series of annual fairs to be held in the 

 present Fair buildings of Buffalo, the show, 

 ing of horticultural products at the recent 

 fair was fairly creditable. Still the number 

 of exhibitors was not large, but those who 

 did enter made good displays. The absence 

 of premiums for exhibits in the plant and 

 floral line was a mistake, but the matter 

 was adjusted in the way of special awards, 

 with the effect of drawing out some remark- 

 ably fine exhibits. 



Fruits. In the fruit line Ellwanger & Barry, 

 of Rochester, N. Y., had perhaps the best display 

 in the hall. Prominently was a collection of .50 

 varieties of Plums, which took the first premium 

 of $10, besides 14 plates of Plums entered sep- 

 arately, and whichdrewl3flrst premiums. These 

 fine collections of Plums attracted much atten- 

 tion from \'lsitors. Conspicuous among the 

 newer hardy sorts was the Grand Duke, a large, 

 dark purple, sweet egg Plum. When the repre- 

 sentative of the firm was asked to name the best 

 one half dozen Plums for home use from their 

 large collection, the following kinds were in- 

 cluded: Bradshaw, Coe's Golden, Lombard, the 

 French Prune, Fallenberg, McLaughlin, and 

 liovay's Green Gage. 



In Pears, the same Arm showed the large num- 

 ber of 119 different varieties In various classes, 

 and drew a large proportion of the premiums 

 given for this fruit. Two of the Japan and China 

 Plums, Daimyo and Siebold, were included In the 

 exhibit, but were designated as nearly worthless 

 because "they never ripen." Of Apples, Via 

 varieties were shown, embracing nearly all of 

 the better sorts. Five varieties of Russian Apples 

 were in the exhibit, but of these only two, the 

 Arabskce and the Titovka, were referred to as 

 possessing enough value to render them desirable 

 for general cultivation, and hardly at all in 

 this section where the better kinds of common 

 Apples nearly all succeed. 



The exhibit of Henry Lutts, nurseryman of 

 Youngstown, N. Y., was one of much interest, 

 and showed the presence of many blue cards, 

 indicating that first premiums had been obtained. 

 This collection embraced 20 varieties of Plums, 

 la of Pears, 9 of Grapes, and 20 of Apples. A fine 

 display of five varieties of Pears which obtained 

 the first premium, included Duchess, Bartlett, 

 Buerre dc Anjou, Buerre Clairgeau, Seckle. The 

 Grapes shown were fair, consideringthatthe fair 

 was hold too early to show ripe fruit in most cases. 

 Some fine clusters of Niagara were included in 

 the display. This for a white variety is highly 

 esteemed by Mr. Lutts. He says the vine " takes 

 care of itself most every time." 



Mr. Godfrey Zimmerman, of Buffalo, made a 

 good show of Pears and some other fruits, and 

 drew a fair share of the first and second premiums 

 awarded. It is well known, that Mr. Zimmerman 

 practices " grass culture " for Peai's, and it was 

 easy to see in comparing his exhibit and that of 

 others that had been grown in tilled land, the 

 peculiar effect grass culture has upon the pro- 

 duct. The texture seemed firmer, and the color 

 higher, and while we made no comparative tests as 

 to eating quality, we have no doubt the flavor 

 was richer. Still these gains were apparently 

 secured at the cost of a slight diminuation of size, 

 at least in some varieties. Altogether they were 

 a handsome lot of Pears, and such as most any 

 good judge of fruit would be likely to select for 

 their own use. 



From the nursery and orchard of Nelson 

 Bogue, of Batavia, N. Y., came a large display 

 of fruit, but which arrived too late for entering 

 the competing classes. This exhibit embraced 

 120 plates of Apples, 40 plates of Pears, conspic- 

 uous among which for beauty and size were the 

 Bartlett, Duchess, Clapp's Favorite, Buerre Clair- 

 geau (a variety mentioned as succeeding better 

 on poor soil than any other) and Flemish Beauty; 

 seven varieties of Pcachee, 15 varieties of Grapes. 



Black Walnuts and Butternuts. One feature of 

 the exhibit consisted of trees, fruit and orna- 

 mental, arranged in boxes of earth. Among 

 other entries of fruits were those of Woodward 

 & Jacques, of Wright's Corners, Niagara County, 

 who made a fine display; M. T. Varney, Colden, 

 Erie County, and one of Japan Pei-slmmons from 

 Norris Grove, Spring Gardens, Florida. The 

 exhibits in the line of vegetables was fine, but 

 mainly made up from the market gardens of 

 Buffalo. These served the excellent purpose of 

 showing the capabilities of vegetable culture, as 

 engaged in with intelligence and enterprise. 



Plants and Cut Flowers, In this department 

 the displays, especially on the days reserved for 

 floral designs and choice cut flowers, were grand 

 and attracted much admiration. A common 

 question with risitors as they approached the 

 horticultural section was "where are the Or- 

 chids," and the pleasing collection of these 

 exquisite treasures, shown by Daniel B. Long of 

 this city, when pointed out usually brought sat- 

 isfaction to the querists before they left the hall 

 Among the costly Orchids exhibited by this 

 florist were Stanhopeas, Cattleyas, Odontoglos- 

 sums, and Cypripediums. The same gentleman 

 showed also some fine cut Roses of the later 

 improved varieties. In more common cut flowers 

 such as Gladiolus, Dahlias, Asters, and Zinnias, 

 James Vick, of Rochester, filled a large space. 

 Of pot plants, William Scott, of this city, made 

 the chief show, doing this by occupying the 

 center space in the hall with an immense mound 

 of tropical plants. The mound was topped with 

 a specimen of Saeforthia Palm, eight feet high. 



The combined collection of floral designs dis- 

 played much taste on the part of exhibitors. The 

 largest show here was made by Daniel B. Long, 

 of Buffalo, whose exhibit consisted of a floral 

 monument with a plain shaft four and one-half 

 feet high; a graceful glass vase of the same height 

 containing Roses; large panel of dark purple 

 flowers surmounted by a high bouquet of long- 

 stemmed Perle (yellow) Roses; Italian harp; Tom 

 Moore harp; old-fashioned Irish harp; yacht of 

 graceful proportions; large scroll with initial 

 and decorated with horizontal lines of yellow 

 Roses at the top and bottom; Roman vase of dark 

 Pansies with a handle of Golden Rod; an immense 

 shoe made of crimson Carnations on the exterior 

 and lined with Pansies, besides numerous smaller 

 designs. William Scott, of this city, showed a 

 large floral elephant of good form, standing in a 

 jungle of Ferns and other tropical plants; a large 

 harp; a floral pillow with inscription; "gates 

 ajar; " cross and anchor, and a few others. The 

 exhibit of Salter Brothers, of Rochester, included 

 a arge " gates ajar; " crescent with lyre inside; 

 a delicate bow and arrow; standing cross with 

 book, and a number of other novel handsome and 

 well-made designs. 



Implements of Interest to L»nd Tillers. In 

 this department the display was large plows 

 and other soil breakers occupying first place in 

 point of numbers. Among these were the fol- 

 lowing: The exhibits of the I iliver Chilled Plow 

 Works, of South Bend, Ind., including a full line 

 of plows and improvements, such as the self- 

 sharpening slip point and shoe reversible attach- 

 ments, and the two wheeled plow with self-lifting 

 trip lever. The Gale Manufacturing Co., Albion, 

 Mich., among other plows showed one used 

 largely by New Jersey truckmen for working 

 among Tomatoes, having a disc coulter, and 

 which in turning makes a sciuare corner; and 

 the " Big Injun " sulky plow. Hoagland, Cum- 

 mings & Co., Albion, N. Y., had on hand their 

 new royal chilled and steel plows. A vineyard, 

 Hopyard, and garden plow was shown by the 

 Syracuse (N. Y.) Plow Co. The Rochester (N. Y.) 

 Plow Co., showed a line of gang plows, specially 

 valuable where shallow plowing is advisable. 

 One excellent point in these plows Is that the 

 plow next the row (as in a vineyard) can be set 

 very shallow and the others deeper, the soil being 

 thus merely broken next the rows, while deeper 

 worked between. The South Bend (Ind.) Plow 

 Co., showed a vineyard plow for one horse, which 

 has the advantages that the handles with swivel 

 attachment can be swung to the right or left, as 

 when plowing near trees or vineyard trellises. 

 The Acme pulverizing harrow, clod crusher and 

 leveler was shown by Duane H. Nash, Millington, 

 N. Y. A spring tooth harrow was shown by 

 A. W. Stevens & Son, Auburn, N. J. R. A. Rose, 

 Geneseo, N. Y., showed his patent spring tooth 

 harrow, which is claimed to possess non-clogging 

 qualities. L. C. LuU, Kalamazoo, Mich., exhibited 

 what they term a spring tooth floating harrow 

 and cultivator, and capable of being converted 



into a wheel cultivator. Grass seeder and Corn 

 worker. J. M. Childs & Co., Utica, N. Y., had on 

 exhibition a line of improved harrows, cultiva- 

 tors, etc., constructed on the spring tooth idea. 

 In the use of steam for horticultural purposes 

 the Herendeen Manufacturing Company, of Ge- 

 neva, N. Y., showed their brick set furnaces for 

 greenhouses or dwellings. The BirdsaU Com- 

 pany, Auburn, N. Y., had present a steam evap- 

 orator, for which they claim the highest degree 

 of perfection obtained in the matter of circula- 

 tion. One of the most attractive implements on 

 the grounds was the safety steam engine in which 

 kerosene oil is used for fuel, shown by the 

 Rochester Tool Co., of Rochester, N. Y. E. A. 

 Dodgson, Bata\'ia, N. Y., showed a patent duster 

 on wheels for spreading poison on Potatoes with 

 economy of outlay. C. Benj. Titus, Rochester, 

 N. Y., showed a simple and effective hand duster 

 for bug poison on Potatoes. The Boomer & Bos- 

 chert Press Cos. of Syracuse, N. Y., had a line of 

 their cider machinery on exhibition, and which 

 attracted much admiration. 



On the subject of Tile Drainage. 



^Abstract of paper by Judge H. E. Huiton, before the 

 Fanners' Institute Meeting, held at Clinton, III.] 



My conclusion is that a six inch tile prop- 

 erly laid affords ample outlet for 40 acres, 

 and one of 13 inch diameter for 160 acres. 

 Following the same reasoning a three inch 

 tile ought to be sufficient for 10 acres, but 

 practically it is better to allow at least a 

 four inch one, on account of a greater pro- 

 portionate friction as the tile decreases in 

 size ; in fact any rule of this kind must be 

 but approximate, and to be varied according 

 to the locality. 



Much can be learned on this subject, by con- 

 sulting works on that subject, of which there are 

 a number in print. Much more can be learned 

 in the school oE practical experience, which will 

 not be covered by any rules laid down In the 

 books, and which will have to be decided by 

 common sense as the occasion may require. 



A most important problem. Is not, whether we 

 will or will not tUe, but rather as to how we 

 can obtain proper outlets. Our western prairies 

 are so very nearly level, that the instances are 

 rare indeed where a farm can be properly 

 drained, without continuing the ditches over 

 the lands of one or more neighbors. Sometimes 

 vast scopes of territory are Involved in the same 

 system, and require for proper outlets expensive 

 ditches stretching for miles over the prairie. 

 Such are the Mason and Tazewell ditches, in the 

 counties of the same name, and the Lake Fork 

 ditches in Champaign and Piatt counties. 



The drainage deepens the soil, and gives the 

 root of the plant more room in which to expand 

 and collect the nutriment, which is to sustain its 

 life and growth. It promotes the pulverization 

 of the soil, and thereby the facility with which 

 the roots can penetrate it. It prevents the wash- 

 ine away of the surface soil, and enriches the 

 ground by the deposit therein of the ammonia 

 and other ingredients, which are held in solution 

 in the water as it falls from the clouds. A de- 

 posit, which in the course of a season, is equal to 

 many tons of the most valuable manure on 

 every acre of ground. 



Drainage warms the soil, and thereby length- 

 ens the season in which a crop can be profitably 

 cultivated, thus enabling the farmer to get to 

 work a week or two earlier in the spring than he 

 otherwise could. It docs away with the necess- 

 ary waste of land and bridges where open ditches 

 are used. It puts the ground In better condition 

 to withstand a prolonged drouth so that, 

 "The thirsty e-arth soaka up the rniu, 



And drinks and gaps for drink iigain ; 

 The plants suck lu the earth and are 

 With constant drinking, fresh and fair. 

 Lastly, It removes stagnant water off and out of 

 the soil, and thereby does away with the 

 miasma, which has heretofore produced disease 

 and death on our prairies. It makes our farms 

 more healthful, and more desirable in every way 

 as places of residence, building up happy homes. 



Landscape Gardening. 



[Extract from paper read by J. S. Kerr, before the 

 Texas State Horticultural Society at Denison\. 



In landscape gardening certain principles 

 which form a unity of the whole must be 

 observed. 



It is to I'e regreted that so little regard Is 

 given the arrangement of shi-ubs, paths, etc., as 



