488 Effects of the Winter o/" 1840-41. 



a great part of the Labiatae, Scrophularinae, ^Boragineae, ^scle- 

 piSidece, Convolvulacese, Polemoniaceae; the greater number of the 

 species of Phlox, with their varieties; several of the Umbelliferse, 

 Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Caryophylleae, Cruciferae, particularly 

 the evergreen species, and a great many of the North American 

 Compositae, such as those of the genera y^'ster, Solidago, Eupa- 

 tbrium, Rudbeckm, &c. ; and even, also, the Syngenesious natives 

 of the North of Germany, such as Cirsium, Carduus, and Cen- 

 taurea, have suffered severely. Plants which have stood the 

 winter here for fourteen years in the open air, such as Cassia 

 marilandica, Macleaya (Bocconia) cordata, and iiheum pal- 

 matum, &c., are completely killed by the frost. Among the 

 bulbs, the species of iilium have principally suffered ; also 

 /rideae, and the Babiana plicata, in great numbers, have perished. 

 It would occupy too much space to enumerate all the species of 

 plants that have suffered more or less from the cold, but those I 

 have mentioned are sufficient to show that exactly those have 

 suffered the most which we had been in the habit of considering 

 as hardy. 



On the other hand, many plants escaped the frost, which, 

 in other winters that were less severe, had always shown them- 

 selves tender, and among these many specimens which had 

 been planted to replace those which had been previously killed 

 by the frost, and therefore more likely to suffer. There re- 

 mained uninjured, for instance, under a slight covering, different 

 species of Pentstemon, Nuttallm digitata and ?rtalvaef61ia ; Ep'xmh- 

 dium dolaceum, M.assc\\\a7ium , and macranthum, from Japan ; 

 the different species of Japanese Funkm (Hemerocallis), Hoteia 

 japonica, Michauxz'a campanuloides and laevigata ; also many 

 plants from Nepal and the Himalayan range. 



The biennials have also particularly suffered, as their tender 

 roots could not withstand the cold ; and among these the Cru- 

 ciferae and many others have perished, which had stood the 

 cold of harder winters. As far as we are informed, the winter 

 corn has particularly suffered in many places, and particularly 

 about the banks of the Oder. 



Among the trees and shrubs, the Leguminosae have suffered 

 the most; such as Genista, Cytisus, Adenocarpus, Coronilla, 

 Cercis, &c. ; also the i^osacese, such as JRosa, i^ubus, ^nn'gda- 

 lus, Cerasus, Cratae'gus, Photinia, Cotoneaster, Pyrus, and C^- 

 donia ; while, on the contrary, the different species of »Spirae\i 

 from Nepal, such as S. uacciniifolia and bella, remained uninjured 

 even to the very points of the shoots. Plants of Calycanthus, of 

 thirty years of age, were completely killed ; the like of which 

 never occurred before. Paeonm Moutan also perished. 



In many private gardens where shrubs, and particularly roses, 



