FOSSIL FUNGI AND GEOGKAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 85 



United States to the Pacific coast. Such diseases as the sooty mold of 

 orange, Meliola camellicB, and the brown rot of the lemon, Pythiacystis 

 citriophthora, arc confined to these last plants and to the regions where 

 the citrus fruits grow. The anthracnose of the sycamore, Gnomonia 

 veneta, is parasitic upon the leaves and shoots of the sycamore or plane 

 tree, Platanus occidentalism causing its leaves to dry up, as if bitten by 

 early frosts. It seems to be more prevalent in the bottom of valleys, 

 where the plane tree grows along streams, as here we find cold-air 

 drainage. Sometimes after the first crop of leaves is lost, a second 

 crop appears. Wherever the sycamore grows, Gnomonia may be ex- 

 pected. The so-called fly-cholera fungus, Empusa muscce, is parasitic 

 in flies and is present on these insects in Europe, even in the far north, 

 in North America and South America (Argentina). The coprophilous 

 fungus, Basidioboliis ranarum occurs on the dung of frogs in Europe 

 and America. Taphrina ccsrulescens does not seem to be choice about 

 its hosts, occurring as spots on the leaves of Quercus cerris, puhescens, 

 sessiliflora in middle and southern Europe and on Quercus alba, aquatica, 

 coccinea, laurifolia, rubra, velutina in North America. The hairy 

 earth-tongue, Geoglossmn hirsutum, is truly cosmopoHtan, as it has been 

 reported from all over Europd, North America, Java, Mauritius and 

 Australia. The genus Cyttaria with eight ascospores in each ascus in- 

 cludes six species. C. Darwinii and C. Berterii were discovered by 

 Darwin in Patagonia. C. Gunnii occurs in Tasmania and C. Harioti in 

 Terra del Fuego. None of the species, therefore, are found outside of 

 the southern hemisphere (Fig. 28). The genus Hypomyces includes 

 species which live parasitically, or saprophytically, on other fleshy 

 fungi. H. ochraceus lives on species of Russula in Germany, England 

 and North America; H. chrysospermus occurs on species of Boletus in 

 Europe; H. aurantius on Polyporace^ and Thelephorace^ in 

 Europe; H. lateritius on Lactarius in Europe and North America; H. 

 vlolaceus with its tender small stroma and violet-colored fruit body lives 

 on a slime mould Fuligo septica in northern Europe; H. viridis is found 

 on species of Lactarius and Russula in northern Europe and North 

 America; //. cervinus grows on Helvellace^ and large Pezizace^ in 

 Europe; H. fulgens appears on the bark of pine trees in Finland and 

 Sweden; H. Stuhlmanni is confined to Poly poms bukabensis in Central 

 Africa; H. chrysostomiis is reported from Ceylon and H. flavescens on 

 a Polyporus in North America. Hypomyces lactijluorum planes down 



