122 MYCOLOGY 



phores), or they are inclosed fruit l)odies willi terminal pores known 

 as pycnidia (pycnidium), and in such the conidiospores are termed 

 pycnidiospores, or pycnospores. The hyphae also break up into a 

 disconnected series of spores known as chlamydospores, or the whole 

 of the hypha set aside for reproductive purposes may break up into a 

 connected series of spores, the oidiospores. Where the conidiophores 

 are united together into strands, a coremium is formed. Sclerotia, 

 or condensed masses of resting hyphae, are not unusual in the order. 

 , Certain ascomycetous fungi are lichen fungi, as they are parasitic on 

 green algae and with them form the lichen thallus, which bears a certain 

 nutritive relation with the organic or inorganic substratum, so that 

 we may distinguish the crustaceous, foliose and fruticose kinds of 

 Hchen thalH. Where such hchen fungi and others of the order ASCOMY- 

 CETALES live on the surface of bark, they are epiphleoidal; where 

 beneath the surface, hypophleoidal; where they live on rock surfaces, 

 they are epilithic; in rock holes, hypolithic; and on the surface of the 

 earth, they are epigeic; below the surface, hypogeic. The growth on 

 the surface of animals is ectozoic, in animals endozoic. The growth on 

 the surface of leaves and other plant parts is designated epiphytic or 

 cpiphyllous; inside the plant, as endophytic, or endophyllous. Zoospores 

 are never formed in any of the fungi of the order. A few are aquatic. 

 That sexuaHty exists in forms of the ASCOMYCETALES has been 

 determined only recently and these discoveries confirm the views of 

 de Bary, who claimed that the process existed in this order, although 

 Brefeld and his disciples claimed the contrary. Thanks to the epoch- 

 making research of R. A. Harper, seconded by that of Claussen, J. 

 P. Lotsy, Baur, Darbishire, Guillermond and others, the fact that 

 sexuality exists has been proven indubitably. The first type displayed 

 by Pyronema, Boudiera and related genera is where a multinucleate 

 carpogonium with a trichogyne is fertilized by a multinucleate 

 antheridium. A uninucleate antheridium unites with a uninucleate 

 oogonium in the Erysiphace^. The sexual organs are more or less 

 reduced in .many genera and in some of the ASCOMYCETALES, 

 they are wanting completely. In the development of the sexual 

 organs and in the behavior of the egg-cell, there is represented here a 

 type of sexual reproduction which has its closest parallel in the red 

 algje (RHODOPHYCEiE). There is a suggestive similarity between 

 the structure of the sexual organs and the process of development 



