676 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES 



hot. This wash should be applied in the fall after the leaves have dropped, or in the 

 spring before the buds open." Spray thoroughly, covering all parts of the tree. 

 Concentrated Mixture. 



Sulphur, 80 pounds. 



Best stone lime (95 per cent, calcium oxide), 40 pounds. 

 Water, 50 gallons. 



Live steam run in a barrel, or fire under an iron kettle may be used in boiling. 

 Place 5 gallons of water and 40 pounds of the sulphur in the vessel, and apply heat 

 until the sulphur becomes a smooth paste, stirring constantly. Now add 10 gallons 

 of water and 20 pounds of lime and boil for forty-five minutes. Add water to make 

 25 gallons. . When cooled to 3S°F. test with Baume scale; the reading should be 

 about 33°F. As a scalecide to use in the dormant season, this should be diluted 

 I to 10 (i.e. I part of the above formula diluted with 9 parts of water) and 6 to 10 

 pounds of stone lime added to every 50 gallons of the spray. As a fungicide for 

 summer use, dilute i to 30 (i part of stock solution to 29 parts of water). When 

 stored away it is best to cover the solution with a layer of oil about an eighth of an 

 inch thick. This will prevent evaporation and the forming of a crust on the 

 material. The material should not be stored where the temperature will go very 

 low. 



Self-boiled Lime Sulphur. 



Lime, 8 pounds. 

 Sulphur, 8 pounds. 

 Water, 50 gallons. 



This spray is valuable in cases where Bordeaux is injurious to foliage or fruit. 

 The stone fruits, such as plums, are particularly susceptible to Bordeaux injury, 

 while some varieties of apples are badly russeted by it. There is slight danger of 

 injury by the self-boiled lime-sulphur preparation, and it is an efficient fungicide 

 when properly made. It stains the fruit as does Bordeaux. In making it 8 pounds 

 of lime of good quality should be placed in a barrel, and enough water to nearly 

 cover it should be added. While the lime is slaking, add sulphur which has run 

 through a sieve to break up the lumps. The sulphur should be stirred thoroughly 

 into the slaking lime, enough water being added to make a pasty mass. The barrel 

 should now be covered, in order to retain its heat, and the contents should be occa- 

 sionally stirred. The time required varies with the quality of the lime; if the lime 

 acts quickly, five to ten minutes would be sufficient, while if it acts slowly, fifteen 

 minutes may be necessary. It should not be allowed to stand too long, because it 

 may in that case be injurious to foliage. Now add water, stirring the mixture 

 while it is being poured in. Then add enough water to bring the total up to 50 

 gallons. In applying the spray, it is necessary to have a good agitator in the sprayer. 

 Consult RuGGLES, A. G., and Stakman, E. C. : Orchard and Garden Spraying. Bull. 

 No. 121, Agric. Exper. Sta. Univ. Minn., March, 191 1. Also Duggar, B. M., and 

 CooLEY, J. S.: The Effect of Surface Films and Dusts on the Rate of Transpiration. 

 Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., I: pp. 1-22, March, 1914. 



