TREE PIPIT. 425 



Derbyshire ; and Mr. Selby includes it among the birds 

 of Durham and Northumberland, as a summer visitor, 

 making its first appearance every season in May. 



Our Tree Pipit is a summer visitor also to Denmark, 

 Norway, and Sweden, and from thence southward is dif- 

 fused generally over the European Continent to Italy ; but 

 in Provence, at Genoa, and Rome, it is still only a summer 

 visitor, going farther south in September. It is known to 

 be an inhabitant of the Island of Madeira, and is found 

 at Tangiers and Algeria ; it is also found in Sicily, Malta, 

 and Crete, and M. Temminck includes it in his Catalogue 

 of the birds of Japan. 



The beak is dark brown ; the base of the lower mandi- 

 ble pale yellow brown ; the irides hazel ; the head, neck, 

 back, and wings, olive brown, of two shades of colour, the 

 centre of each feather being darker than the surrounding 

 edge ; the smaller rounded wing-coverts blackish brown, 

 edged and tipped with buffy white ; the greater wing- 

 coverts also dark brown, edged with pale brown, the light- 

 coloured ends of the two sets of coverts forming bars 

 across the wing ; quill-feathers dark brown ; the tertials 

 large, with a broad outer edge of pale brown ; upper tail- 

 coverts nearly uniform brown ; the outer tail-feather on 

 each side, with nearly all the narrow outer web, and part 

 of the broad inner web, of a dull white, tinged with 

 brown, the other parts of the feather clove brown; the 

 second feather has only a small patch of dull white at the 

 end of the inner web, the remaining portion of that feather 

 on each side, and all the central feathers between them, 

 clove-brown, the two in the middle having lighter brown 

 margins. The chin and throat pale brownish white ; from 

 the lower angle of the under mandible a dark brown streak 

 passes backwards and downwards ; below this line on the 

 sides of the neck, and on the breast in front, are various 



