170 REPTILIA (the turtle) 



8. The Skeleton, or Osseous System. 



(1) The Head. Sketch it, naming the principal bones in it. 



(2) The Neck. 



(a) Number of vertebrae? 



(b) Shape of each? 



(c) Use? 



(3) The Pectoral Girdle. Sketch the girdle, locating and 



naming the coracoid, precoracoid, scapula, and a 

 ligament connecting the distal portions of the cora- 

 coid and the precoracoid. This ligament represents 

 the epicoracoid of some reptiles. 



(4) The Front Limb. 



(a) Sketch, showing humerus, radius, ulna, the carpal 



and metacarpal bones, the phalanges, and the 

 claws. 



(b) Why is the front limb so stout and paddle-like? 



(5) The Vertebral Column, from head to tail. 



(a) Of what does it consist? 



(b) Number of vertebrae? 



(c) Its- special modifications? 



(6) The Pelvic Girdle. Sketch the girdle, locating and 



naming the ilium, ischium, and the pubes. 



(7) The Hind Limb. 



(a) Sketch, locating and naming all the bones of the leg 



and foot, from the femur to the claws. 



(b) Use of web? 



(c) Use of long claws? 



(d) Compare the hind limb with the front limb as to 



shape, size, length, and use. 



(8) The Tail. 



(a) Number of vertebrae in the turtle's tail? 



(b) Use to the turtle? 



(c) Its pecuharity? 



(9) Remove the epidermal plates from one half of the shell. 



(a) Sketch the bony plates from the dorsal side of the 



carapace. 



(b) Sketch the bony plates from the ventral side of the 



carapace. 



(c) How many do you find? 



