of the Subfamily Clupeine. 13 
In examples from Cornwal), 180-220 mm. in total length, 
I count 69 to 88 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior 
branchial arch ; in specimens from Santander and Coruiia, 
150-180 mm. long, I find 66 to 82, and in young fish of 
110 mm. 63 and 65. 
The Cornish specimens of 220 mm. are of about the 
size usually attained, but not infrequently examples of 
250 mm. or more may be captured, and one of 350 mm. has 
been recorded. 
la. Sardina pilchardus sardina. 
Clupanodon sardina, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur, Mérid. p. 451 (1826). 
Clupea pilchardus, vay. sardina, Gunth. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 440 (1868). 
Sardina dobrogica, Antipa, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, Ixxiii. 1906, p. 42, 
pl. ili. figs. 7-11. 
Distinguished from the typical form by the fewer gill- 
rakers, not more than 60 on the lower part of the anterior 
branchial arch. 
South-western part of the Black Sea; Mediterranean ; 
Atlantic coast of Morocco ; Madeira; Canary Isles. 
In specimens from Constantinople (140-150 mm.) I find 
55 to 60 gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior arch, 
from the Adriatic (110-180 mm.) 50 to 60, and from Madeira 
(175-180 mm.) 54 to 57. 
180 mm. seems to be about the maximum size attained by 
this form, 
2. Sardina sagaz. (PI. I. fig. 1.) 
Clupea sagax, Jenyns, Zool. ‘ Beagle,’ Fish. p. 134 (1842); Giinth. 
Cat. Fish. vii. p. 443 (1868) ; Gilchrist, Marine Biol. Rep. S. Afr. i, 
p. 57, fig. (1913). 
Clupea melanosticta, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 237, pl. cyiii. 
fig. 3 (1846); Kishinouye, Journ. Imp. Fisheries Bureau, Tokyo, 
xiv. 1907, pp. 71, 94, pl. xvii. 
Clupea ocellata, Pappé, Fish. Cape of Good Hope, p. 20 (1853). 
Clupanodon ceruleus (Giard, 1854), Jordan & Evermann, Bull, U.S. 
Nat. Mus, xlvii. 1896, p. 428.” 
Depth of body 4 to 5 in the length, length of head 3} 
(young) to 4. Snout longer than diameter of eye, which is 
4 to 5 in length of head; in adults maxillary extending 
nearly or quite to below middle of eye and depth of cheek 
(from eye to anterior end of preoperculum) greater than 
diameter of eye. 70 (young) to 110 gill-rakers on lower part 
of anterior arch. Scales normally arranged, becoming quite 
small towards the base of the caudal tin. Vertebree 50 to 52. 
