14 Mr. C. T. Regan on the British Fishes 
Silvery or golden; back greenish or bluish ; a small dark: 
spot at base of each scale on back; often a series of larger 
spots running backwards from the shoulder. 
Chile and Peru ; Pacific coast of U.S.A. and Lower Cali- 
fornia ; Japan ; South Africa. 
I have examined a fair series of examples: from Chile six, 
125-290 mm. in length (to end of middle caudal rays) ; from 
California twelve, 150-260 mm.; from Japan more than 
twenty, 115-210 mm.; and from South Africa six, 160- 
210 mm. ‘The specimen figured, 210 mm. long, is from 
South Africa. 
I have counted the vertebre in several, and I find in one 
from Chile 52; three from California 51, 52, 52; four from 
Japan 50, 50, 50, 51; and two from South Africa 51, 51. 
In specimens from Chile (125-290 mm.) I count 75 to 110 
gill-rakers on the lower part of the anterior branchial arch, 
from California (150-260 mm.) 80 to 100, from Japan (115- 
210 mm.) 70 to 100, from South Africa (160-210 mm.) 100 
to 105. 
It is not improbable that a statistical study of a large series 
of specimens would lead to the definition of the Japanese 
(S. melanosticta), Californian (S. cerulea), and South African 
(S. ocellata) pilchards as subspecies not fully identical with 
the typical S. sagax from Chile. 
The close relationship of this species to S. pilchardus is 
shown not only by the structure of the adult fish, but the 
eggs and larve also are precisely similar (fide Kishinouye), 
and their growth, food, migrations, etc., are the same. 
3. Sardina neopilchardus. (PI. I. fig. 2.) 
Clupea neopilchardus, Steind. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, xli. 1879, p. 12 
Waite, Rec. Canterbury Mus. i. 1911, p. 158. 
Clupanodon neopilchardus, Stead, Fishes of Australia, p. 28, fig. 10 
(1906) ; Edible Fish. N.S.Wales, p. 25, pl. iv. (1908). 
Closely related to S. sagaz, differing as follows :—Length 
of head 32 (young) to 431m the length of the fish. Maxillary 
extending to below anterior + or 4 of eye; depth of cheek 
not greater than diameter of eye, evenin adults. 60 (young) 
to 75 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 
Western, Southern, and Eastern Australia; New Zealand. 
Twelve examples, 110-230 mm. in total length, from New 
South Wales and New Zealand; the largest specimen, from 
Wellington, is figured. 
