of the Subfamily Clupeine. 7 
deeper form, smaller scales, and longer anal fin. Hoek 
(Tijdschr. Neder]. Dierk. Vereen. (2) vi. 1900, pp. 212-240) 
has published the results of a detailed examination of a large 
number of examples of these two species from the Rhine ; 
the characters given by him hold good for specimens of both 
species from the coasts of the British Isles and Portugal. 
But the material in the British Museum collection indicates 
that A. alosa may be replaced on the coasts of Morocco and 
Algeria by a form with fewer gill-rakers, and that in the 
same regions A. finta is represented by a race with the gill- 
rakers in slightly greater nnmber, and in the Mediterranean 
by another race with fewer gill-rakers than the typical form ; 
moreover, both these southern forms of A. finta have the body 
as deep as in A. alosa. A. finta has also given rise to non- 
migratory colonies, one in the Lakes of Killarney, a,second 
in Lakes Maggiore and Lugano, and a third in Lake Garda. 
All these lacustrine races have the gill-rakers in increased 
number, but whereas the Killarney shad is deeper in form 
than the typical A. jfinta, the Italian ones are more slender 
than the migratory shad of the Mediterranean. 
The problem of species and subspecies is a difficult one, 
and it is not pretended that the course here adopted has finally 
solved it. 
Synopsis of the Species and Subspecies *. 
I, 21 to 26 scales in a transverse series. 
55-85 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch . 1. alosa. 
45 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch.,., 2. africana, 
II. 16-20 scales in a transverse series. 
A. American, 
a, 60-70 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 
3. sapidissima., 
6. 40-50 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 
Depth 3-33 in the length ....... Pon em tidied S 4, alabame. 
Depth 33-43 in the length .................. 4a. alabame ohiensis. 
B, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. 
24-27 gill-rakers; depth 32-44 ........00.005 5. finta, 
Ser PUL-TAKGES spGGPhW Ol sa.t esc n ee teense os 5 a. finta killarnensis. 
29 gill-rakers; depth3 ........ mA bree Wintetvier eh 58. finta algeriensis. 
20-23 gill-rakers; depth 3-32 .............. 5c. finta nilotica, 
30-34 gill-rakers ; depth about 4-43.......... 5d. finta lacustris. 
36-40 or more gill-rakers; depth 423.......... 5e. finta gracilis. 
* This synopsis applies to specimens of 200 mm, or more. Smaller 
fishes have fewer gill-rakers and may be more slender. 
