6 Mr. C. T. Regan on the British Fishes 
origin a little nearer to base of caudal than to end of snout. 
Anal 17 to 21. Pelvics 7-rayed, inserted below or a little in 
advance of origin of dorsal. Vertebre 46 to 49. 
Western and Southern Europe, from Norway to the Black 
Sea. 
Numerous examples up to 175 mm. in total length. 
In specimens from the Black Sea, Dalmatia, and Nice I 
count respectively 48, 48, and 49 vertebree. 
A1osa, Cuv., 1829. 
Régne Animal, ed, 2, ii. p. 319. 
Deep or elongate, compressed ; abdomen sharp-edged. 
Mouth large, the maxillary extending to below posterior part 
of eye; lower jaw included ; upper with median notch ; teeth 
minute or absent, none on vomer. Operculum with grooves 
radiating towards suboperculum. Dorsal fin of 16 to 22 rays ; 
origin nearer to end of snout than to base of caudal; a low 
basal sheath, not extending upwards on last ray. Anal of 
18 to 27 rays; basal sheath low ; two last rays not enlarged. 
Caudal forked ; lobes scaly ; a pair of enlarged scales on each 
side. Pelvics 9-rayed, inserted below anterior part of dorsal. 
55 to 86 scales in a longitudinal and 16 to 26 in a transverse 
series; ventral scutes prominent, with strong keels ending 
posteriorly in sharp points. Vertebre 52 to 59. 
North Atlantic and Mediterranean. 
Clupeonella, Kessler, with four species from the Black Sea 
and nine from the Caspian (Berg, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
(8) xi. 1913, pp. 472-480), differs from A/osa in having 
three patches of teeth on the palate, borne by the vomer and 
palatine bones. The value of this character is somewhat 
discounted by the fact that two closely related species of 
Clupea (C. bassensis and C. holodon) scarcely differ except 
in this respect ; also I find that in large adult specimens of 
Clupeonella easpia the palate.is toothless. Pomolobus, Raf., 
with four species from the Atlantic coast of North America, 
is distinguished from Alosa principally by the prominent 
lower jaw, its tip not included within the upper. 
The species of all three groups appear to be migratory, 
spawning in fresh water, and perlfaps A/osa and Clupeonella 
should rank only as subgenera of Pomolobus. 
It is generally recognized that there are two species of 
shad on the Atlantic coast of Europe—A. alosa, L., and 
A. finta, Cuv., the former differing from the latter especially 
in the more numerous gill-rakers, and also in the somewhat 
