386 Sir. C. T. Regan on the CJupeid Fishes 



15 01- IG ill a transverse scries ; ventral scutes 17-'20 + 13-10. 

 Dorsal 18-20. Anal 22-25. Pclvics b-raycd, a little in 

 advance of middle ot" dorsal. 



Carolina to Brazil. 



Several examples, 85 to 275 mm. in total length. 



2. Opisthonema liber tatt's. 



Meletta Uhertatis, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 603. 



Clupea libertath, Giiiitli. Cat. Fish. vii. p. 433 (1868). 



Opiathonema libertute, Jord. & Everin. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. xlvii. 



1806, p. 433. 

 Clupea (Opisthonema) buUeri, Ilegau, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiii. 



1904, p. 255. 



Depth of body 3 to 3^ in the length, length of head 3^ to 

 41. Snout as long as or longer than diameter of eye, which 

 is 3 3 to 5 in the lengtii of head ; maxillary extending to 

 ludow anterior ^ or nearly to middle of eye. 85 (young) to 

 11J5 gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. 48 to 50 

 scales in a longitudinal, 11 to 16 in a transverse series ; 

 ventral scutes 17-19 + 14-16. Dorsal 17-19. Anal 19-21. 

 Pelvics 8-rayed, a little in advance of middle of dorsal. 



Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America; Galapagos 

 Islands. 



Several examples, 75 to 250 mm. in total length. 



Harengula, Val. 1847. 



Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xx. p. 277. 



Tiiis genus has never been properly distinguished from 

 Siirdinella, but they differ in some important characters. 

 In Sardinella, as in Sardina, the two last rays of the anal 

 lin are enlarged and the transverse grooves on the scales are 

 piaired, their inner ends separated by an interspace. In 

 Harengula the posterior anal rays are equal and the trans- 

 verse grooves on the scales are continuous; moreover, the 

 lower jaw is more prominent and the sheath at the bass of 

 the dorsal Hn is lower than in Sardinella. I count 39 ver- 

 tebrae in //. dispilonotiis, 40 in U. maculosa and II. castelnaui, 

 41 in II. 2}e)tsacola^, 4:2 in //. schrammi, 43 in //. zunasi, 43 

 or 44 in If. macropkthahna^ and 44 in //. punctata. 



Like Sardinella, this genus occurs in the tropical Indo- 

 Pacific; but whereas Sardinella has four West African and 

 Mediterranean and ordy one Antillean species, Harengula 

 has four species on the coasts of Tropical America, but is 

 absent from the eastern Atlantic. 



