DISCIPLINARY VALUE OF OEOGRAPHT 239 



be given a better place in the body of the page. Eeference to a cited 

 author is conveniently made by small numbers inserted in the text, not 

 in parenthesis. The citations at the end of each chapter then include, 

 opposite the proper reference number, the author's name and initials, 

 the full title of his book or article, and the place and date of publication 

 if a separate book is cited ; or the abbreviated title of a periodical, fol- 

 lowed by the volume, year and first and last pages. Another approved 

 method of citation places (he year of publication and the cited page in 

 parentheses in the text after an author's name, as " Smith ('08, 372)" — 

 or the author's name may also be in the parenthesis, if it is not desired in 

 the text. Then at the end of the essay or chapter, all authors are listed 

 in alphabetical order. The advantage of this method is, that if repeated 

 references are made to an article by the sAme author, the proper page 

 for each reference is indicated in the text ; and the citation is given but 

 once, and then completely and correctly, in the alphabetical list. Refer- 

 ence to an author without complete citation is awkward and unsatis- 

 fying. While considering matters of technique, protest must be entered 

 against the utterly reprehensible method of repaging reprints. The 

 original paging should always be retained; the pages should not even 

 be reset, in case an article begins on a left-hand page or in the lower 

 part of a page. Reprints should furthermore always give full statement 

 of the periodical from which they are taken, and of the volume and 

 year of original publication. Xeglect of these rules is too frequently 

 the cause either of incorrect citations, or of a large amount of unneces- 

 sary trouble when an auliior has to go to the original volume in a library 

 instead of making reference from a reprint on his own shelves. 



More important, however, than these subordinate matters of tech- 

 nique, is the proper illustration of an article. Maps, diagrams and 

 pictures should be used more frequently in geographical articles than is 

 now commonly the case, particularly as in these modem days a process- 

 cut from a pen drawing is about as cheap as the same space of text 

 The excuse offered by an author for the absence of appropriate drawings 

 is too often that he cannot draw. This may suflBce for authors whose 

 education was gained at an earlier time, when geographical instruction 

 was less developed than it is now; but for the future, such an excuse 

 must be taken as indicating poor training. On the other hand, repro- 

 ductions of poor or uninstructive photographs are becoming nowadays 

 rather too common. A good photograph of a characteristic scene from 

 a well-selected point of view, is admirable, but the space given to a poor 

 photograph can often be occupied to advantage by a generalized 

 diagram. Narrative reports should be accompanied by an easily legible 

 route-map, and by views — either photographs or sketches — of the more 

 significant features encountered on the narrated journey. Inductive 

 essays should be illustrated by appropriate figures of the most signifi- 

 cant features upon which its generalizations are based; and also by 



