50 HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF l^EWFOUNDLAND 



preceding 

 England 

 in Nova 

 Scotia, 



(where 

 England 

 attacked 

 her) 



land, and were vast enough to include Newfoundland.^ The second 

 chapter opened in 1598,'' or eight years before the date of 

 the Virginia Company. France was again in the Wan ; and 

 in 1603 De Mons received a new patent under which land 

 was assigned to him between 40° N. lat., which is south of 

 New York, and 46° N. lat., which is south of Newfoundland, 

 and north of the limits of the first Virginian patent, but his 

 trading monopoly and jurisdiction extended to 54° N. lat.' 

 and no western limits were named. Under this patent 

 Acadia was colonized. Immediately Samuel Argall swooped 

 down from Virginia upon the colonists of Acadia, and all 

 but annihilated them (16 13), and the torch of border warfare, 

 which Argall lit, was not put out until the Treaty of Paris 

 (1763). From time to time treaties were made confirming 

 existing possessions, but both sides claimed constructive as 

 well as actual possessions, and claims were invented in order 

 and Eng- to challenge or overreach rival claims. Thus soon after 

 ingatNova ^^°3j when De Mons's limits were defined, New England was 

 Scotia enlarged on the north from lat. 45° to lat. 48°, overlapping 

 not only De Mons's colony but Newfoundland, and on the 

 . west to the Pacific. There was an inextricable medley of 

 interlacing and coinciding claims. In 1627 De Mons's 

 former dominions were transferred along with Canada to 

 Richelieu's hundred Associates, and Florida (which is 

 south of Virginia), the Arctic Circle, Newfoundland, and 

 a ' fresh sea *, which was believed to lead to the Gulf of 

 California, became the boundaries of New France. The 

 fresh sea, and apparently Newfoundland, or such parts of it 

 as were not already possessed by friendly powers, were 

 included. In 1663-4 Colbert's Company of the West took 

 over the task of Richelieu's hundred Associates, and amongst 

 other places Canada and Newfoundland were specified as 



• Ante, p. 22. 2 Canada, vol. v, pt. i of this series, p. 39. 



5 Charlevoix, History of Neiv France, transl. by J. G. Shea, vol. i, 

 p. 247. 



