ii THE STRUCTURE OF MIND 21 



the evidence of a mass of common experience. Is Mind 

 another entity ; is it a substance like the body, and if so 

 how are the two related ? 



If we are to deal, however summarily, with these 

 questions, we must first review the body of experience 

 which underlies the conception of Mind as a distinctive 

 unity. This experience, to state the facts very generally, 

 yields two data. The first is that the subjective factor > 

 which we have insisted on as an element in consciousness, 

 is for each one of us a permanent element. It is always 

 there when consciousness is there. It is the same < I ' that 

 feels hungry, or cold, reads a book, climbs a hill. It is the 

 same c I ' which memory gives me in the remote past and 

 anticipation projects into the future. What does 'the 

 same 5 mean here? Not certainly that I am unchanged, 

 but that I can view my conscious life as a whole in which 

 there is a certain thread continuing throughout, and retain- 

 ing amid change a certain element of persistent character. 

 This continuity in consciousness is not indeed the whole, 

 but it is the core of the 'I. 5 But consciousness itself is 

 broken, e.g. by sleep, and the sense of an unbroken con- 

 tinuity which unites me to my past would be illusory if 

 my existence depended on consciousness alone. This 

 brings us at once to our second datum. This is that the 

 facts of consciousness reveal upon examination the working 

 of causes strictly continuous with those that appear within 

 the field of consciousness itself, but yet extending outside 

 that field. There appears in short to be something that 

 operates unconsciously, but yet in a manner closely com- 

 parable and even in essence identical with many of the 

 operations familiar to us as operations of consciousness. 

 Moreover by these operations, proceeding as it were in the 

 background, the attitude of consciousness is in a large 

 measure determined. Conscious and unconscious operations 

 then may be legitimately grouped together, and without 

 prejudgment as to their ultimate nature the sum of them 

 may be called Mind. Mind then appears as that which 

 has consciousness in its foreground while in the background 

 it is the theatre of energies, of interactions, of stresses and 

 strains, the play of which goes to determine the character 



