ii THE STRUCTURE OF MIND 25 



him below the surface to the real causes of the events trans- 

 acted before his eyes. It is by a change involving a re- 

 orientation of this kind that the mind that has been limited 

 to the surface of experience comes to apprehend the deeper 

 causes of things. These causes may be external, or they 

 may be forces operating within the depth of the mind itself. 

 In either case they require an enlargement of horizon and 

 change of direction in order to be brought within the direct 

 purview of consciousness. 



The matter of re-orientation, with the consequent bring- 

 ing of the unconscious into consciousness, is one of which 

 we shall have a good deal more to say at a later stage. But 

 let us here put together the two main data which experience 

 yields for our conception of Mind. We have first the pre- 

 sence of the subject in consciousness. The only positive 

 objection to conceiving the subject as the permanent unity 

 which we require for the changing states of consciousness 

 was that its permanence is broken along with that of con- 

 sciousness itself. This objection is removed by our second 

 datum, which yields the conception of a sum of partly 

 conscious or quite unconscious process surrounding and 

 determining consciousness. This sum of process we can 

 take as permanent, and as having for its distinctive character 

 that it either is or at any time under appropriate stimulus 

 can become the subject in an act of consciousness. So con- 

 ceiving it we call it Mind. 



(3) Mind and Body. 



But it may be said all those unconscious influences that 

 surround consciousness, which constitute what we have 

 called our * second datum,' are so many witnesses to the sole 

 sufficiency of Body as the true subject, the permanent unity 

 of which consciousness is a state. The brain is a physical 

 structure interacting with other physical objects. One of 

 its peculiarities is that when it acts in a particular way, when, 

 for example, certain of its areas are traversed by waves of 

 excitement, there arise the phenomena of feelings, ideas, 

 and all that we know as consciousness and its content. 

 Other brain reactions are in their main physical character- 

 istics similar to these, but are not accompanied by conscious- 



