A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 



this were not always thrown on the side of established government. In 

 1 349 the constable of Carlisle and the sheriff of the county were com- 

 manded to arrest William de Stapleton and commit him to Carlisle 

 castle for seizing certain Scotsmen who came to Carlisle under safe con- 

 duct and carrying them off to his fortress on the water of Eamont 

 (Amote) and refusing to deliver them up to the king's officers. 1 



From this period resistance to Scottish inroads was distributed over 

 the whole county ; licences to crenellate became more frequent ; ' castles 

 like Cockermouth were supplied with keepers and permanent garrisons 

 answerable to the Crown ; 3 the whole frontier was studded with 

 defences. Though the rectangular peels, still so plentiful in the county 

 and so characteristic of it, were mainly the product of a later date,* the 



1 Pat. 24 Edw. III. pt. ii. m. 2id. 



8 In addition to the licences already noticed the following may be mentioned : to Hugh Lowther for 

 his dwelling-place (mansum) of Wythope in Derwentfells on 12 July 1318 (Pat. 12 Edw. II. m. 31) ; to 

 Ranulf de Dacre for Naworth (Naward) on 27 July 1335 (ibid. 9 Edw. III. pt. ii. m. 20) ; to John de 

 Hodleston for Millum on 24 August 1335, to enclose with a dyke and crenellate (ibid. 9 Edw. III. pt. ii. 

 m.2o); to John (Kirkby), Bishop of Carlisle, for his mansum of La Rose on 9 April 1336 (ibid. loEdw. III. 

 pt. i. m. 27) ; to Bishop Gilbert (Welton) for same (ibid. 29 Edw. III.) ; to William Lengleys, the king's 

 yeoman (dilectus vallettus noster), for his manerium of Highhead (Heyheved) on 6 October 1342 (ibid. 1 6 

 Edw. III. pt. ii. m. i) ; to the abbot of Holmcultram for his manerium of Wolsty within the bounds of 

 Holmcultram (ibid. 22 Edw. III.) ; to the men of the vill of Penrith for the vill of Penrith on 10 April 

 1346 (ibid.2oEdw.III.pt. i. m. 18) ; to William Lord Greystoke, 'quod ipse mansum suum de 

 Graystok muro de petra et calce firmare et kernellare et mansum illud sic firmatum et kernellatum 

 tenere possit sibi et heredibus suis imperpetuum,' on 5 October 1353 (B. M. Lansdowne Chart. No. 122) ; 

 to Gilbert de Culwen, knight, for the house that he had built at his manor of Workington (Wirkyngton) 

 in the March of Scotland, on 4 March 1380 (Pat-3 Ric. II. pt. ii. m. 15) ; to William de Stirkeland, clerk, 

 for his chamber (camera) in the vill of Penrith in the March of Scotland on 12 February 1397 (ibid. 20 

 Ric. II. pt. ii. m. 22) ; to same, ' unum mantelettum de petra et calce facere et camerae predictae con- 

 jungere et mantelettum predictum kernellare,' on 2 April 1399 (ibid. 22 Ric. II. pt.iii. m. 37). It may 

 be noted here that the above William Strickland, afterwards Bishop of Carlisle, was a considerable land- 

 owner in that district and a benefactor of the town of Penrith. 



' On 26 November 1 309 the king commanded Gilbert de Culewenne, keeper of the castle of Cocker- 

 mouth, to pay David, Earl of Athol, 50 marks in aid of his expenses in the March of Scotland (Close, 

 3 Edw. II. m. 14). In 1314 Sir Thomas de Richmond held the castle as warden with Richard de Rich- 

 mond his brother, and 19 vallets, 10 crossbowmen, and 80 archers (Cat. of Scot. Doc. [Scot. Rec. Pub.], iii. 

 77). The ' Piel of Ledel ' was also in the custody of a warden in 1310-1 (ibid. iii. 45), and surrendered 

 in 1316 (ibid. iii. 128). 



* Mr. George Neilson, in his Peel : its Meaning and Derivation (Glasgow, 1893), has traced the his- 

 torical evolution of the Border peel from its first conception as a palisaded or stockaded enclosure to its 

 latest development as a rectangular tower of stone surrounded with a barmekan. One of the earliest 

 examples of this institution in Cumberland is the peel of Liddel, which may be taken as an illustration of 

 this class of stronghold. The casttllum or fortified close of Liddel was taken by William the Lion in 1 1 74 

 (Benedict. Abbas, Gesta Hen. II. Ric. I. [Rolls Series], i. 65) ; in 1282 it is described as the site of a castle 

 with hall of wood, a chapel, etc. (Inq. p.m. 10 Edw. I. No. 26) ; arrangements were made on 10 November 

 1300 for ' repairing the mote and the fosses around : strengthening and redressing the same, and the pele 

 and the palisades, and making lodges within the mote if necessary for the safety of the men-at-arms of the 

 garrison ' (Cal. of Scot. Doc. [Scot. Rec. Pub.], ii. 299). Some of the titles by which it was designated are 

 interesting. In 1 310 it was referred to as the 'Piel of Ledel,' and in 13193$ the ' Pele of Lidell ' (ibid. iii. 45, 

 1 28) ; as the ' fortalitium de Lidelle' in 1 346 (Chron. de Lanercost [Maitland Club], 345 ; Hist. Dunelm. Script. 

 Ires [Surtees Soc.], ccccxxxiv.) ; the ' municipium de Lidallis quod apud Marchias erat ' (Scotichronicon 

 [Goodall], ii. 340) ; as ' quoddam manerium dominae de Wake vocatum Ludedew ' (Galf. le Baker [Giles], 

 170) ; best known as ' Liddel Moat,' or ' Liddel Strength,' the latter of which has been adopted by the 

 Ordnance Survey. The great ditches, which still remain, show that it was a hill-fort surrounded by a 

 moated palisade. It is quite certain that many of the peels constructed by Edward I. as military expe- 

 dients were made of wood. In 1300 money was paid to ' carpentariis facientibus pelum in foresta de 

 Ingelwode assidendum circa castrum de Dunfres ' (Liber Quot. Contrar. Garder [Soc. Antiq.], 165) ; similar 

 payments were made to carpenters and sawyers in 1298-9, ' ad sarranda ligna pro construction peli ' 

 at the castle of Lochmaban (Doc. of Hist, of Scot. [Scot. Rec. Pub.], ii. 360-1). When rectangular towers 

 of stone were erected in the sixteenth century to cope with the unceasing spoliations of the Border land, 



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