A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 



century teem with deeds of incursion and reprisal. In 1357 Sir Robert 

 Tilliol, called Tuylliyoll by the Scots, accomplished some very successful 

 expeditions, or ' drives ' as we should call them according to the nomen- 

 clature of modern warfare. In company with Sir Thomas de Lucy he 

 forayed the lands of William, lord of Douglas in Eskdale,with a great force 

 raised in Cumberland and Westmorland, and robbed the people there 

 in open day of 1,000 oxen, cows, and other young beasts, 1,000 sheep 

 and horses, and plundered all the houses. It was complained that Lucy 

 lay in ambush and seized the people who attempted to rescue their 

 goods. The crime, as it was alleged, was bad enough when committed 

 in time of war, but the raiders, starting from Lochmaban Castle, which 

 was nothing but a den of thieves, ravaged the land in open day with 

 banners displayed in time of truce, and had set to ransom many of the 

 people to their damage of 5,000 sterling. 1 Some of the Bishops of 

 Carlisle were military personages, captains of Carlisle Castle and stren- 

 uous leaders in the field. John de Kirkby was a martial prelate, on 

 whom the mantle of his predecessor, John de Halton, had fallen ; on 

 more than one occasion he proved himself a valiant fighter. In 1 345 

 he was nearly captured by the Scots ; he was unhorsed but regained his 

 saddle, rallied his forces and defeated the foe. 8 The chronicler of Laner- 

 cost says that the Scots held him in the greatest detestation (summo odio 

 habuerunt) because he often went against them in battle. 3 



But there are few military figures to compare with Andrew de 

 Hartcla for the distinguished part he played on the stage of Border 

 history in the earlier period of the international struggle. Fighting in 

 Scotland, defending Carlisle, resisting invasion, quelling insurrection, 

 wise in council, brave in battle, sheriff of Cumberland, knight of the 

 shire, captain of Carlisle, warden of the March, lieutenant of the 

 northern counties, 4 Andrew de Hartcla rose in his sovereign's favour with 

 astonishing rapidity, till he was created Earl of Carlisle on 25 March 

 1322, with the grant of 1,000 marks and other revenues for the main- 



1 Cat. Doc. Scot. (Scot. Rec. Pat.), iii. 306-7. 



2 Walsingham, Hist. Anglie (Rolls Ser.), i. 266-7. O n tn ' s occasion the Scots, under Sir William 

 Douglas, had burnt several villages between Carlisle and Penrith. Bishop Kirkby and Sir Thomas de 

 Lucy, a very brave knight, surrounded them on every side in the night, and made such a noise with horns 

 and trumpets that the Scots were unable to take food or sleep. 



3 Chron. de Lanercost (Maitland Club), 291-2. 



4 Michael de Hartcla had been sheriff of Cumberland from 1285 to 1298 (Pat. 13 Edw. I. m. 9 ; 

 Q. R. Memoranda, 27 Edw. I. m. 4d). Monsire Andrew de Hartcla was on the king's service in Scot- 

 land in 1310 (Cal. Doc. Scot. [Scot. Rec. Pub.], iii. 32) ; sheriff of Cumberland in 1311 (Pat. 5 Edw. II. 

 pt. ii. m. ll) ; knight of the shire in 1312 (Part. Writs [Rec. Com.], ii. [ii.], 77) ; held Carlisle against 

 the Scots, who might have been harassed oftener in the March if he had a more numerous garrison, 

 and defeated them near ' le Redecros ' on Stainmore in 1314 (Cal. Doc. Scot. iii. 70, 76-7) ; successfully 

 defended Carlisle in 1315 against Bruce, who, flushed with his victory at Bannockburn, made a formidable 

 attack upon it (Hemingburgh, Chron. [Eng. Hist. Soc.], ii. 294 ; Chron. de Lanercost [Maitland Club], 

 230-2) ; in the same year received 1,000 marks as ' geredoun ' for making prisoners certain Scotsmen of 

 note (Cal. Doc. Scot. iii. 86) ; taken prisoner by the Scots in 1316 (Barbour, The Brus, 327) and redeemed 

 at a heavy ransom (Cal. Doc. Scot. iii. 98,132); at the siege of Berwick in I3l9attheheadof 980 foot, and 

 360 hobelars (ibid. iii. 125-6) ; complaints by the commonalty of Carlisle in 1319 about his trafficking 

 with the Scots, releasing prisoners, and interfering with justice on the March (ibid. iii. 127-8) ; chief 

 warden of the whole Border, and sovereign arrayer of the men-at-arms on foot of these Marches in 1322 

 (ibid. iii. 144) ; summoned to undertake various expeditions and to perform special duties between 

 1309 and 1322 (Part. Writs [Rec. Com.], ii. [iii.], 971-2). 



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