A HISTORY OF CUMBERLAND 



decayed and deprived of their irons as to be unserviceable for those 

 weighty burdens. 1 



The struggle, renewed afresh in 1648, was due to the difficulties 

 that arose in reconciling the conflicting interests that the previous hos- 

 tilities had brought into existence. Sir Philip Musgrave, again at 

 large, hurried from Edinburgh, where he was making arrangements 

 for a Scottish invasion, and by a bold stroke on the night of 29 

 April surprised Carlisle, many gentlemen of the neighbourhood being 

 in and about the town, so that the citizens were thrown into confusion 

 and made little resistance. 2 The capture of Carlisle raised the hopes of 

 the royalists of the county, and though many of the leading men had 

 already compounded for their estates, yet they entered again so actively 

 into the king's service that upon the last day of May there appeared in 

 the field 5,000 foot well armed and 800 horse, raised in Cumberland 

 and Westmorland. 3 On the departure of Sir Philip Musgrave, who 

 went to Edinburgh to urge the Duke of Hamilton to advance with the 

 Scottish army, General Lambert, the leader of the parliamentary forces 

 in the northern counties, marched from Yorkshire, took Rose Castle by 

 storm,* and besieged Scaleby Castle, which surrendered without firing a 

 shot. On the approach of Hamilton, the parliamentary forces retreated, 

 leaving a garrison in Appleby Castle. By order of Sir Marmaduke 

 Langdale, the castle and city of Carlisle were put at the disposal of 

 the duke, who placed in them a Scottish garrison and left Sir William 

 Livingstone as governor. When Appleby Castle was recovered and the 

 Scottish and English forces marched into Lancashire, Sir Philip Mus- 

 grave was appointed to remain behind for the protection of the two 

 counties. Few men were left with him, but in a short time he collected 

 together a force of 800 horse and 1,200 foot, which he considered 

 sufficient for his immediate necessity. The defeat of the Duke of 

 Hamilton at Preston by Cromwell and Lambert, who had joined forces, 

 was felt to be a decisive blow to the royal cause in the two counties. 

 Cromwell now demanded the surrender of Carlisle. Writing in Sep- 

 tember, he said : ' If you deny me herein, I must make an appeal to 

 God,' that is, he would resort to sterner measures. 6 Musgrave urged the 

 governor of Carlisle to join forces with him and hold the city for the 

 king. Amid jealousies and divided counsels between the Scottish and 

 English troops, nothing was left but to treat with the enemy and obtain 

 the best terms for surrender. 6 After the delivery of the castles of Carlisle 

 and Appleby the royal cause was completely shattered in Cumberland 

 and Westmorland. 



1 Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. (House of Lords MSS.), vi. App. p. 158. Some sixteen pieces of ordnance 

 were sent to Cockermouth. The commissioners asked whether they should remove ' the two murderers ' 

 which had ' of old time continued upon ground within the castle.' 



2 Clarendon, Hist, of Rebellion, vi. 52-4. Burton states that by Sir Philip's order sixteen men, the 

 chief of whom were George Denton and John Aglionby, entered the city and made themselves master of 

 it. ' This was done ye 2Qth of April in ye fatall year '48 ' (Life of Sir P. Musgrave, p. 12). 



a Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. (Rydal MSS.), xii. App. vii. 19-20. 

 * Ibid. (Hamilton MSS.), xi. App. vi. 125. 



' Carlyle, Letters of Cromwell, Nos. Ixxii.-lxxvi. 8 Life of Sir P. Musgrave, pp. 13-5. 



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