SALFORD HUNDRED 



a local name. 154 Thus Victoria University came to 

 be founded by royal charter in 1880, the Owens 

 College being the first college in it. From the out- 

 set attendance at courses of lectures was required from 

 candidates for degrees, the university being a teaching 

 body. 155 University College, Liverpool, was admitted 

 in 1884, and Yorkshire College, Leeds, in 1887. 

 This federal constitution was dissolved in 1903, when 

 Liverpool and Manchester became seats of separate 

 universities, the Owens College being then incor- 

 porated with the latter under the name of the Victoria 

 University of Manchester. 156 



The charter defines the constitution. The govern- 

 ing body is the court, consisting of the chancellor, 

 vice-chancellor, and other members, in part repre- 

 sentative of local bodies ; it appoints the council 

 which acts as an executive committee. The studies 

 are controlled by the senate, which consists of the 

 professors ; under it are the boards of the eight 

 separate faculties in which degrees are given : Arts, 

 Science, Law, Music, Commerce, Theology, Tech- 

 nology, and Medicine. The staff comprises forty- 

 four professors and a large body of lecturers. Women 

 are admitted to all degrees. Liberal endowments have 

 been given by Manchester men and others, 157 and the 

 university receives annual grants from the national 

 treasury, the county councils of Lancashire and 

 Cheshire, and Manchester and other local corpora- 

 tions. 158 



The corporations of Manchester and Sal ford provide 

 great technical and art schools. There is a training 

 school for candidates for the Church of England 

 ministry, and important colleges of several of the 

 chief Nonconformist churches Wesleyan, Primitive 

 and Free Methodist, Congregational, Baptist, and 

 Unitarian have long been established on the south 

 side of Manchester for the education of ministers. 159 



Secondary and elementary education is well pro- 

 vided for by the Grammar School, the High School 

 for girls, and a multitude of others. 



Of the various social movements of the last century 

 there may be mentioned as originating in Manches- 

 ter : the Rechabite Society, founded in 1835 ; the 



MANCHESTER 



Vegetarian Society, 1847; the United Kingdom 

 Alliance, 1853 ; and the Manchester Unity of Odd- 

 fellows. 160 Co-operative societies were organized in 

 1859. 



Out of the multitude of useful and distinguished 

 men who have been associated with Manchester either 

 by their birth or labours, notices of some will be 

 found in the accounts of their families, or of the 

 townships to which they belonged ; for example, 

 Hugh Oldham, Humphrey Chetham, and Thomas de 

 Quincey. Among those whose office or work brought 

 them to the district, may be named Dr. Dee and 

 others of the wardens of the Collegiate Church ; 

 Bishop Fraser ; 161 John Dalton, enunciator of the 

 atomic theory and one of the greatest chemists, who 

 lived in Manchester from 1793 until his death in 

 l844; 16> Thomas Henry, also a chemist of dis- 

 tinction, who died in 1 8 l 6 ; 163 four distinguished 

 engineers : Eaton Hodgkinson, who died in i86i, 164 

 Richard Roberts, who died in i864, 164a Sir Joseph 

 Whitworth, 1803-87, founder of the Whitworth 

 scholarships, 165 and Sir William Fairbairn, 1789- 

 l874; 166 Sir Charles Halle, the musician, who 

 founded the celebrated Hall6 concerts in 1 8 5 8 ; 167 

 Richard Cobden, the free-trade leader ; l68 William 

 Robert Whatton, who, born at Loughborough, 1790, 

 settled in Manchester and wrote a history of the 

 school ; 169 John Harland, journalist, a diligent explorer 

 of the antiquities of the city and county in which he 

 had settled ; 170 Thomas Jones, 1810-75, librarian of 

 the Chetham Library for many years ; m John Ferriar, 

 M.D., who became physician to the Infirmary in 

 1785 and died in 1815 ; 172 Thomas Cogan, some- 

 time master of the Grammar School, who died in 

 1607 ; 17S James Crossley, born in 1800 at Halifax, 

 but resident in Manchester from 1 8 1 6 till his death 

 in 1883, distinguished as an essayist, antiquary, and 

 book collector; 174 Richard Copley Christie, 1830- 

 1901, another bibliophile, who was chancellor of the 

 diocese of Manchester, professor at Owens College, 

 and one of the Whitworth Trustees. 174 * Andrea 

 Crestadoro, born at Genoa in 1808, librarian of the 

 Free Library in 1864 until his death in i879. 17i 



144 Thompson, op. cit. 530-41. 



155 A supplemental charter for medical 

 degrees was obtained in 1883. 



156 The charter of 1903 and the Act of 

 1904 incorporating Owens College with 

 Manchester University will be found in 

 full in the annual Calendar. This volume 

 of over 800 pages gives full information 

 as to courses of study, &c. and an appen- 

 dix of 500 pages contains the examination 

 papers. 



157 Large sums have been raised by 

 subscription. The principal individual 

 benefactors have been Charles Frederick 

 Beyer, Richard Copley Christie, Charles 

 Clifton of Jersey, U. S. A., and the legatees 

 of Sir Joseph Whitworth. The capital 

 amounts to about 1,000,000. 



133 The Hulme Trustees give 1,000 

 a year. 



159 There is also a Moravian college at 

 Fairfield to the east. 



160 This was a union of the lodges in 

 the Manchester district, effected in 1810 ; 

 it has extended over a great part of the 

 kingdom, and become one of the greatest 

 of the friendly societies. 



161 James Fraser, second Bishop of 

 Manchester, 1870-85 ; see Diet. Nat. 

 Biog. and memoir by Thomas Hughes 



(1887). James Prince Lee, first bishop, 

 1847-69, is also noticed in Diet. Nat. Biog.; 

 he left his library to Owens College. 



162 Ibid. ; and Baines, Lanes, (ed. 1868), 

 1,413-15. He was from 1817 till his 

 death president of the Manchester Literary 

 and Philosophical Society, and many of 

 his dissertations are printed in its Transac- 

 tions. 



168 Diet. Nat. Biog. ; he preceded Dalton 

 as president of the Literary and Philoso- 

 phical Society. 



164 Ibid. ; Baines, Lanes, (ed. 1868), i, 

 415-18. He was an authority on the 

 strength of materials. 



I64a D; C tf pf ati slog. 



165 He discovered a method of producing 

 a true plane surface, elaborated a system 

 of standard measures and gauges, experi- 

 mented on rifles and cannon. His great 

 works were amalgamated with those of 

 the Armstrongs at Elswick in 1897 ; see 

 notice in Diet. Nat. Biog. 



166 Ibid. ; there is a biography by Wil- 

 liam Pole. 



16 7 Ibid. He was born in Westphalia, 

 but settled in Manchester in 1848 ; he 

 was knighted in 1888 and died in 1895. 



168 Life, by John Morley, and Diet. Nat. 

 Biog. He settled in Manchester in 1832 ; 



I8 5 



soon afterwards began to advocate free 

 trade, and in 1838 became a leader of the 

 Anti-Corn Law League ; sat in Parlia- 

 ment for various constituencies from 1 841 ; 

 died in 1865. 



169 Diet. Nat. Biog. He wrote the 

 biographies in the first edition of Baines' 

 Lanes. 



170 There are notices of him in his and 

 Wilkinson's Legends and Traditions of 

 Lanes. ; in the Reliq. 1868 (by James 

 Croston), and Diet. Nat. Biog. He edited 

 Mamecestre and other works for the 

 Chetham Society, republished Gregson's 

 Fragments and Baines' Hist. &c. He was 

 editor of the Manch. Guard., retiring in 

 1860. He died at Cheetham Hill, 23 Apr. 

 1868. 



171 Diet. Nat. Biog. ; N. and Q. (5th 

 Ser.), iv, 479. 



172 See Diet. Nat. Biog. ; Pal. Note Bk. i, 

 178 ; ii, 45, &c. ; and for his sons ; ibid, 

 ii, 192. 



178 Diet. Nat. Biog. ; Pal. Note Bk. iii, 77. 

 A later head master, also fellow of the 

 Collegiate Church, Henry Brooke, who 

 died in 1757, is noticed in Diet. Nat. Biog. 



174 Diet. Nat. Biog. There is a portrait 

 in the Chetham Library. 



174 Ibid. 17* Ibid. 



24 



