INSECT TESTS 223 



a small place is often more than the profits will warrant, 

 and one outfit often would be sufficient to do the spray- 

 ing for a large community or even a township, and at 

 a great saving in time and money. Most of the spraying 

 pumps and machines are rather delicately made, and 

 must have good care, as with all other farm and garden 

 implements, and one must be something of a mechanic 

 to keep them in good working order. After using the 

 pump with mixtures like the bordeaux, unless it is to be 

 used very soon again, clean water should be run through 

 it until both the pump and the hose are well rinsed 

 out, and it is well to hang the hose up so that the 

 water will drain out of it after using. 



INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE 



Eound-Headed Apple Tree Borer (Saperda Candida) 

 (Figure 115) — This is one of the most destructive 

 insects to the apple tree, and one of the most widely 

 distributed. The perfect insect (Figure 115, c) is a 

 beetle about three-fourths of an inch long, with three 

 light brown and tAvo creamy white stripes upon its wing 

 covers. It flies at night, laying its eggs upon the trunk 

 in crevices of the bark, not far from the ground, in 

 July and early August. The eggs soon hatch and the 

 young larvae (Figure 115, a) penetrate the bark, feed- 

 ing upon the bark for a time, often not reaching deeper 

 than the sapwood until the following spring. The 

 pupa or chrysalis is shown in Figure 115, h. 



During the second season it works in the sapwood, 

 and at the end of the second season may be found in 

 a burrow or hole that often runs upward for several 

 inches. After the second season it often makes a turn 

 outward toward the bark, where it undergoes its changes, 

 and the following spring comes out a perfect insect to go 

 through its round of life again. In young trees it often 

 starts on one side of the tree, works into it, then goes 



