ADDITIONAL PAPERS. 241 



same tree and planted the same season, showing how it is 

 possible to fix new varieties by means of grafting. 



We now come to the second method of production, vari- 

 eties which originate by careful selection of breeding and 

 are perpetuated by seed, as is the case with most vegetables. 

 This second arrangement or method is much more difficult 

 and requires something more than hands and eyes. It 

 requires a knowledge of Botany and an intimate acquaintance 

 with the subject you are working with. Selection may be a 

 matter of hands and eyes requiring the attention of the gar- 

 dener for years, picking out the typical fruit that he is work- 

 ing for. He must have clearly in mind the "type" that he 

 is working for, and when he gets that "type" he has a rather 

 serious problem before him yet, i. e., to hold that type where 

 it is, and not to let it degenerate or vary. That it will varv 

 is natural, and for this reason selection must be continuous. 



Balanced against selection we have the other method of 

 creating varieties, about which people have read and read 

 until they think they know how to do it. I speak of "Pollin- 

 ation" and "Hybridization" and "Crossing." It is here that 

 Botany is essential, and yet even Botany won't create a 

 variety. Pollination is so uncertain that until we have posi- 

 tively proven that we have succeeded, success is very far 

 away. Professor Bailey of Cornell University, who has 

 practiced this method of producing new varieties for many 

 years, reports that out of 312 efforts to pollinate he only had 

 89 successes — 223 failures — and of the successful results not 

 all of them produced seed. What seed was produced may 

 not have given fruit like the original. The process is slow 

 and takes years of time. 



Now w^e have been talking about new varieties for quite 

 a while and it probably occurs to someone that we have 

 enough varieties now. Why do we want any more? A 

 pretty good question and one very easy to answer. We don't 

 want any more varieties, but we do want to improve the 

 varieties that we have, to obtain a production that will be 

 good in more ways than one. We want an apple that will 

 •not only be early but of high quality. We want one without 

 a core, a seedless apple possibly. We want something better 



