INSECTS 5 



the pupal stage in this case, the insect is active, and 

 feeds throughout it, and these insects, therefore, are 

 injurious all their lives. In the other cases, where the 

 pupa is quiescent, damage is done during the larval 

 and adult stages (beetles), or during the larval stage 

 only (moths and sawflies). 



True caterpillars have a pair of jointed legs on each 

 of the first three segments of their bodies ; the fourth 

 and fifth segments have no legs, and on the next four 

 segments, as well as on the last, or anal, segment, there 

 are pairs of soft pro-legs, or sucker feet. In the case 

 of "looper-caterpillars," this arrangement is modified, 

 there being only one pair of pro-legs in addition to 

 the anal pair, and these are on the ninth segment. 

 False caterpillars, as the larvae of sawflies are called, 

 have always more than four pairs of pro-legs. 



With moths and butterflies the insect can rarely be 

 attacked when in the perfect state ; it must be dealt 

 with, either in the winter, by destroying the eggs and 

 chrysalids, or in summer, by destroying the larvae. In 

 the former case, a strong insecticide can be used, for 

 the trees are then devoid of foliage, and the substances 

 selected should have, if possible, the twofold property 

 of not only destroying the eggs, etc., but of removing 

 moss, lichen and dead bark from the trees, thus 

 reducing the number of lurking-places available for 

 harbouring insects and their eggs; indeed, this is often 

 the chief w^ay in which winter washes are beneficial ; 

 for insect eggs are generally so resistant, or so well 

 protected, that they cannot be destroyed by such 

 washes without injuring the trees. For cleansing 

 properties in a winter wash, we rely mainly on 



