1901] MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 173 
BIOLOGICAL NOTES. 
L. H. PAMMEL. 
STUDIES IN CYPERACE&.—Mr. Theo. Holm,well-known 
for his studies in vegetable anatomy, has issued another 
paper upon the above topic. Before taking up the anat- 
omy of Vignes (astrostachyz) he discusses briefiy some 
of the main facts brought out in his studies of other spe- 
cies in which the following important facts are brought 
out with reference to the Utriculus. ‘If it were not that 
this organ possesses such excellent morphological char- 
acters, by which our species of Astrostachya# may be read- 
ily distinguished from each other, one would naturally 
suppose that the number of the species were much sinall- 
er, by examining the anatomical structure. The fact is, 
when we examine the structure of utriculus, we do not 
find any points of importance by which these species may 
be distinguished anatomically. The differences are so 
slight and seem merely to depend upon a relative broad- 
er or narrower mesophyll and a larger or smaller number 
of isolated stereome-bundles, that none of these may be 
considered as being neither constant nor of sufficient im- 
portance to be used as anatomical characters. When we 
finally compare the worphological and anatomical charac- 
ters with each other, it seems as if our species may be 
naturally classified as representing a section of Vignes. 
The transition from the ‘‘hebetatw®” to the “centrales” 
seems very gradual and as we have shown in the preced- 
ing, none of these species possess characters that stand — 
as isolated among the others, either in morphological or 
anatomical respects. The drawings, as usual, are excel- 
lent. (Am. Jour. Sci. 11: 205, 1901.) 
THE HAvsToRIA OF VARIOUS ERYSIPHER.—G. Smith 
discusses the anatomical and structural characters of the 
Haustoria with several species of this family. The haus- 
torium contains anucleus ? The nucleus of the host plant 
