328 M. Miller on the Development of Chara. 
them the further development of starch ceases, in the Chare it is 
converted into chlorophylle. Hence the above papille, for in- 
stance—in which this is very readily and beautifully observed— 
become at first deep blue, and subsequently brownish when treated. 
with iodine. Thus the ready conversion in Nitella of the inter- 
nodial cells into new plants is explained ; and they have been di- 
stinguished as gemmee, although they are not true buds, upon 
which the organs are situated, but rather mere formative cells. 
The step to the new formation of cells is certainly not great ; if 
cytoblastema is formed from starch, then the power exists of 
forming cytoblasts and consequently new cells. We have not far 
to seek for its analogues, when we recollect the fermentation-cells. 
Wherever formative matter is present, there cells may form; and 
as many are formed from them as correspond to the matter depo- 
sited in them. 
From what has been stated it appears to me to follow, that we 
must still separate Chara and Nitella; for the latter constantly 
forming simple stems only, proves that the power of rapid growth 
must be inherent to them asa principle ; and although on the other 
hand the Chare may exhibit the same phenomenon, it is only a 
deviation from their natural condition*. 
As regards several accidental cells in the Chare, for instance, 
the above papillz, as also those which are developed beneath and 
above the internodes but still upon their cells, their formation in- 
variably occurs by intercalary growth as stated above, or by the 
simple elongation of cells which are already formed. All the 
axillary branches are likewise formed by interrupted growth. 
The above-mentioned papille frequently or always fall off subse- 
quently, for instance, in Chara crinita, leaving round brown spots 
at the points to which they were attached. ‘They appear unsus- 
ceptible of further development. It is moreover remarkable, that 
frequently three cells are formed from a single articulation at the 
internodes. This great power of increase of the plant explains 
how the internodes are frequently surrounded with one or more 
whorls of cells (those below them assuming a descending direction, 
as they are prevented from ascending by the branches, those above 
an ascending direction). 
The last phenomenon which requires notice is the formation of 
new cells at the apex of the branches. It appears to me in this 
case that the new cells are formed by subdivision. The first com- 
mencement of this process appears as a dark line surrounding 
the circumference of the cell. The secondary membrane then 
becomes constricted. [We saw abové that the very apex of the 
* Kiitzing (J. c. p.319) has formed a third group “ Charopsis” of Chara 
Braunii, scoparia and barbata. 
