PLANTS CULTIVATED FOK THEIR SUBTERRANEAN PARTS. 63 



no doubt of their American oris^in. If he had observed 

 a wild variety identical with those which are cultivated, 

 he would not have suggested the hypothesis that the 

 manioc is obtained from his Manihot pusilla^ of the 

 province of Goyaz, a plant of small size, and considered 

 as a true species or as a variety of Manihot palmata.^ 

 Martins declared in 1867, that is after havincr received a 

 quantity of information of a later date than his journey, 

 that the plant was not known in a wild state.^ An early 

 traveller, usually accurate, Piso,^ speaks of a wild mandi- 

 hoca, of which the Tapuyeris, the natives of the coast 

 to the north of Rio Janeiro, ate the roots. "It is," he 

 says, " very like the cultivated plant ; " but the illustra- 

 tion he gives of it appears unsatisfactory to authors who 

 have studied the maniocs. Pohl attributes it to his 

 31. aijn, and Dr. Miiller passes it over in silence. For 

 my part, I am disposed to believe what Piso says, and 

 his figure does not seem to me entirely unsatisfactory. 

 It is better than that by Vellozo, of a wild manioc which 

 is doubtfully attributed to M, aipi} If we do not 

 accept the origin in eastern tropical Brazil, we must 

 have recourse to two hypotheses : either the cultivated 

 maniocs are obtained from one of the wild species 

 modified by cultivation, or they are varieties which 

 exist only by the agency of man after the disappearance 

 of their fellows from modern wild vesretation. 



Garlic — Allium sativum^ Linnaeus. 



Linn?eus, in his Species Plantaruni, indicates Sicily 

 as the home of the common garlic; but in his Hortiis 

 Clifortianus, v;here he is usually more accurate, he does 

 not give its origin. The fact is that, according to aU the 

 most recent and complete floras of Sicily, Italy, Greece, 

 France, Spain, and Algeria, garlic is not considered to be 

 indigenous, although specimens have been gathered here 

 and there which had more or less the appearance of 



* Pohl, Icones et Descr., i. p. 36, pi. 2(5. ^ Miiller, in Prodromus. 

 ' De Martius, Beitrdge zur Ethnographie, etc., i. pp. 19, 136. 



* Piso, Historia Nahiralis Brazilice, in folio, 1658, p. 55, cum icone. 



^ Jairopia Sylvestris Veil. Ft. Flum., 16, t. 83. See Miiller, in 

 D. C. Prodromus, xv. p. 1063. 



