INTRODUCTION 



growth of the community in size and in integra- 

 tion both determines, and in its turn is furthered, 

 by " the gradual enlargement of the area over 

 which the altruistic feelings extend." " The al- 

 truistic feelings, finding at each successive epoch 

 a wider scope for action, have become gradually 

 strengthened by use." 



Furthermore, social growth, like biological 

 evolution, is " a process of adaptation, — a con- 

 tinuous establishment of inner relations in con- 

 formity to outer relations.'* And as to this re- 

 lation of the community to the environment, 

 " the heterogeneity of the environment is the 

 chief proximate determining cause of social pro- 

 gress." Hence, since the environment of the 

 community includes the traditional past of so- 

 ciety, " civilization advances much more rapidly 

 in modern than it did in ancient times," — a 

 consideration upon which Fiske both in his later 

 historical and in his philosophical writings very 

 frequently enlarges. 



From such general considerations Fiske then 

 passes on to the feature by which " social inte- 

 gration " is especially distinguished from " bio- 

 logical integration." As an organism grows 

 more coherent, its various parts tend to lose 

 their individual independence. But : " In so- 

 cial development, corporate life is more and 

 more subordinated to individual life. The high- 

 Ixxi 



