INTRODUCTION 



the later periods *of the life of the offspring, is 

 due in part to association. The extension of a 

 similar sympathetic concern to the rest of the 

 members of a clan depends upon further asso- 

 ciative processes. If the clan is once formed, 

 its members become dependent upon one an- 

 other, and feel direct interests accordingly. 

 The differentiation of the sterner virtues from 

 the more sympathetic, while it is not very ex- 

 tensively discussed by Fiske anywhere, is indi- 

 cated in some passages in a fashion used also by 

 Spencer. The successful clan must take plea- 

 sure in the courageous and faithful member, 

 and must show approval of his fidelity ; while 

 the unfaithful or cowardly member is beaten 

 or is killed. The memory of such social ex- 

 periences leads to instinctive preferences and 

 aversions, which all tend towards harmony 

 with the interests of the clan. Thus the in- 

 dividual does not by calculation discover that 

 it must be to his advantage to live in a clan 

 and consequently to sacrifice himself, in some 

 respects, for it. On the contrary he tends, be- 

 cause he is a member of a clan, to become 

 instinctively faithful to it, — at least in some 

 rude measure, — and so to prefer not only 

 deeds which are directly sympathetic, but also 

 virtuous actions which are not all of them 

 directly reducible to sympathetic motives. Yet 

 Ixxxv 



