ORGANIZATION OF THE SCIENCES 



the preliminary task of classifying stars accord- 

 ing to their times of rising and setting, of tracing 

 the apparent courses of the planets, of deter- 

 mining the order of recurrence of lunar eclipses, 

 and of constructing chronological cycles. In 

 geology some scanty progress had been made, 

 in classifying the physical features of the earth's 

 surface, and in ascertaining the properties of a 

 limited number of minerals. In biology, classi- 

 fication had been carried sufficiently far to en- 

 able an acute observer, like Aristotle, to distin- 

 guish between the selachians, or shark-tribe, 

 and the bony fishes ; and a considerable amount 

 of anatomical and physiological knowledge had 

 been acquired, as may be seen in the works of 

 Hippokrates. Even in psychology there had 

 been made a crude classification of the intellec- 

 tual and emotional functions ; and the " Poli- 

 tics " of Aristode show us the statical division 

 of sociology already empirically organized. To 

 such a point had the synthetic concrete sciences 

 arrived in antiquity ; and this point they did 

 not pass until the analytic abstract-concrete sci- 

 ences had furnished them with factors with 

 which to work. Astronomy must still remain 

 in the empirical stage until molar physics had 

 generalized the abstract laws of falling bodies, 

 of the composition of forces, and of tangential 

 momentum. Geology could not advance until 

 molecular physics had supplied the general prin- 

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