THE EVOLUTION OF MIND 



action and instinct — we are met by the seeming 

 difficulty that indissolubly connected psychical 

 states occur where the corresponding objective 

 relation has never been repeated within the ex- 

 perience of the individual. Instinctive adjust- 

 ments of inner to outer relations are apparently 

 made without any help from experience. Moths 

 and butterflies take to wing immediately on 

 emerging from the envelope of the chrysalis ; 

 " a fly-catcher, immediately after its exit from 

 the t^'g^ has been known to peck at and capture 

 an insect ; " and " a young pointer will point at 

 a covey the first time he is taken afield." But 

 in such cases as these, where the cohesion of 

 psychical states has not been determined by the 

 experience of the individual, it has nevertheless 

 been determined by the experience of the race. 

 That the repetition of ancestral experiences must 

 end in the automatic cohesion of psychical states 

 is both demonstrable a priori and illustrated by 

 many facts. Birds living in islands uninhabited 

 by men will not fly away when approached by 

 travellers, having none of that instinctive fear 

 which " continued experience of human enmity 

 has wrought ** in other birds. Yet in a few gen- 

 erations these birds will acquire the same in- 

 stinctive fear. In many cases the offspring of a 

 dog that has been taught to beg will beg instinct- 

 ively ; and various peculiarities of demeanour, 

 carefully impressed by education upon sporting 

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