THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY 



yet unchecked save by instinctive loyalty within 

 the tribal limits. 



The coalescence of such tribes into civic com- 

 munities is the formation of social " aggregates 

 of the second order." For a long time these 

 higher aggregates retain conspicuous traces of 

 their mode of composition, as in Greece and 

 Rome,^ until increasing social heterogeneity ob- 

 literates the original lines of demarcation ; while 

 new divisions spring up, resulting from the in- 

 tegration of like parts, as is seen in the guilds 

 of mediaeval Europe, and still better in the lo- 

 calization of industries which marks the present 

 time. 



The coalescence of civic and tribal commu- 

 nities into the nation — an " aggregate of the 

 third order " — is well exemplified in the his- 

 tory of France, which, from a disorderly col- 

 lection of independent baronies, has passed by 

 well-defined transitions into a perfectly integral 

 nation. The attainment of this stage is indis- 

 pensable to a career of permanent progress. As 

 hinted above, the premature overthrow of the 



1 The structure of the Amphiktyonic union shows *« that 

 the system of cities with which we are so familiar in Grecian 

 history grew out of an earlier system of tribes." Freeman, 

 Comparative Politics y p. 88. Further evidence, in abundance, 

 may be found in the succeeding pages of that excellent book, 

 which reads, from beginning to end, almost hke a commen- 

 tary upon this chapter. 



