ILLUSTRATIONS AND CRITICISMS 



found in the primitive savage. It is only the 

 mental habit produced by long-continued social 

 discipline which enables us to work to-day that 

 we may enjoy the fruits of our labour at a dis- 

 tant period. The primeval tribe wanders from 

 spot to spot, seeking ever a better hunting- 

 ground or richer pasturage, leading a predatory 

 life which differs in little save in its family or- 

 ganization from that led by the lower animals. 

 In this stage of society constant warfare is in- 

 evitable, since each tribe must fight or be crushed 

 out of existence by neighbouring tribes. Over 

 a large part of the earth's surface, such has been 

 the monotonous career of savage man from the 

 earliest times until the present day. Such ap- 

 pears to have been, in its main features, the 

 ancient history of our own country before its 

 conquest by Europeans, as it. is admirably de- 

 lineated in the writings of that acute observer 

 Mr. Parkman. 



The exigencies of warfare, however, of them- 

 selves facilitate that integration of tribal com- 

 munities which we have seen to be the indis- 

 pensable condition of progress. A considerable 

 step toward civilization is taken when tribes be- 

 gin to aggregate for mutual defence over a wide 

 tract of country. When America was discovered, 

 an aggregation of this sort had apparently be- 

 gun to be formed among the Iroquois; and 

 such was the highest organization reached by 

 3^3 



b 



