ILLUSTRATIONS AND CRITICISMS 



modern European nations much In the same 

 way that a tree-fern of the carboniferous period 

 simulated the exogenous trees of the present 

 time. The vast growth and the considerable 

 civilization obtained by such communities were 

 rendered possible only through the institution 

 of industrial slavery in place of the primeval in- 

 discriminate slaughter of captives. Only through 

 enforced labour did the continuous culture of 

 the soil and the consequent stability of society 

 become possible ; a point which Comte clearly 

 saw, and has brilliantly illustrated. 



Thus we see how the exigencies of self-pro- 

 tection entailed by the primitive state of uni- 

 versal warfare furnished of themselves the con- 

 ditions for the rise of industry. We need not 

 trace in detail the slow growth of the industrial 

 spirit at the expense of the military spirit in 

 the ancient civic communities, in the ancient 

 and mediaeval Empire, and in modern times. 

 That has been done, with a masterly hand, by 

 Comte. We may only note briefly how indus- 

 try — the offspring of slavery, itself the oflF- 

 spring of warfare — has all along, by aiding the 

 differentiation and integration of society, been 

 draining the vitality out of its primeval parent. 

 Let us note, then, that the kind of differentiation, 

 known as " division of labour," by rendering the 

 various portions of the community more and 

 more dependent on each other, renders a state of 

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