COSMIC PHILOSOPHY 



things, which some of our half-educated " re- 

 formers " would fain restore, are found all over 

 the world, both in modern savage communi- 

 ties and in traditional observances preserved by 

 communities anciently civilized. There was 

 also, as Sir Henry Maine has proved, entire 

 community of lands and goods, and the indi- 

 vidual possessed no personal rights as against 

 the interests of the clan. And let us note in 

 conclusion, that this state of things, while chiefly 

 brought about by the process of direct equili- 

 bration above described, is just that which nat- 

 ural selection must assist and maintain so long 

 as the incipient community is small and encom- 

 passed by dangers. 



Thus we cross the chasm which divides ani- 

 mality from humanity, gregariousness from so- 

 ciality, hedonism from morality, the sense of 

 pleasure and pain from the sense of right and 

 wrong. For note that by the time integration 

 has resulted in the establishment of a permanent 

 family group with definite relationships between 

 the members, the incentives to action in each 

 member of the group have become quite differ- 

 ent from what they were in a state of mere gre- 

 gariousness. Sympathy, or the power of ideally 

 reproducing in one's self the pleasures and pains 

 of another person, is manifested in a rudimen- 

 tary form by all gregarious animals of moderate 

 intelligence. Not unfrequently, as Mr. Darwin 

 136 



