30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 



5. The distribution of marine phanerogamic plants (Zostera, Cymodoeea, &c.) should also be noted, and 

 specimens preserved with their latitude and longitude. Their buds and parts of fructification should be put 

 into spirit. 



6. The flowers of Loranthacece and Santalacece should be preserved in spirit, and also dried to exhibit 

 general habit. 



7. The inflorescence of Aroids should be dissected when fresh, or put into spirit. Note the placentation and 

 position of the ovules. 



8. Devote especial attention to. the study of Screw-Pines and Palms when opportunity arises* even if 

 necessary to the neglect of other things. The general habit of the plants should be sketched ; the male and 

 female infloresence should be preserved, and also the fruit ; the foliage should be dried and folded, and packed 

 in boxes. Many fleshy vegetable objects may be " killed " by a longer or shorter immersion in spirit. They 

 then dry up without decaying, and form useful specimens. 



9. With respect to palms, further note the height, position of the spadix, and preponderance of the sexes 

 in both monoecious and dioecious species, also form and dimensions of leaves. 



10. Surface driftings should be examined, and any seeds or fragments of land plants carefully noted when 

 determinable, with direction of currents and latitude and longitude. 



11. Facts are also required as to the part played by icebergs in plant distribution. If any opportunity 

 occurs for their examination, it would be desirable to preserve and note any vegetable material which might be 

 found upon their surface ; also to examine any rock fragments for lichens. 



12. Ferns. — Ferns should always, when possible, be obtained with fructification. In the case of tree-ferns, 

 our knowledge of which, from the imperfection of material for description, is very defective, a portion of the 

 stem sufficient to illustrate its structure should be obtained, with notes of its height ; a fragment of a frond 

 (between pieces of card) and the base of a stipes should be tied to the specimen of the stem ; also a note as to 

 whether the adventitious roots were living or dead. 



The number of fronds should be counted,, their dimensions taken, and the basal scales carefully preserved. 

 Note if tree-ferns are ever attacked by insects or fungi, and whether they form the food of any class of 

 animals. 



13. Mosses, fyc. — Many mosses are aquatic. In the case of dioecious species of mosses, plants of both 

 sexes should be, when possible, secured. 



1 4. Aquatic species of Ricciacece should be looked for. Minute Jungermanniacece are found on the foliage 

 of other plants. 



15. Podoste.macem are found in rocky running streams in hot countries. They have aremarkable superficial 

 resemblance to Hepaticse. Except at the flowering season they are altogether submerged. Specimens should 

 be preserved in spirit as well as dried. 



16. Fungi. — Take notes of all fleshy fungi, especially as regards colour ; the spores should be allowed to 

 fall on paper, and the colour of these noted also. The fleshy species may sometimes be advantageously immersed 

 in spirit before preparing for the herbarium. 



17. Examine the fungi which grow on ants' nests, taking care to get perfect as well as imperfect states, and 

 to secure, if possible, specimens which have not burst their volva. 



18. Look out for luminous species, and ascertain whether they are luminous in themselves, or whether the 

 luminosity depends on decomposition. 



19. Secure specimens of all esculent or medicinal fungi which are sold in bazaars, noting, if possible, the 

 vernacular name. 



20. Note any species of fleshy fungi which arise like the Pietra Fungaja from a mass of earth impregnated 

 with mycelium, or from a globose resting-mass. 



21. Attend especially to any fungi which attack crops, whether cereal or otherwise ; and particularly 

 gather specimens of vine mildew and potato mildew, should they be met with. Even common wheat mildew, 

 smut, &c, should be preserved. 



22. In every case note date of collection, soil, and other circumstances relative to particular specimens. 



23. Look after those fungi which attack the larvae of insects. 



