

NARRATTVE OF THE CRUISE. :!71 



action of the waves, and ending somewhat inland, formed a well-marked but scanty 

 terminal moraine. To the sea shore this glacier presented a vertical wall of ice, resting 

 directly upon the black volcanic sand composing the beach. In this wall was exposed 

 a very instructive longitudinal section of the glacier mass, in which the series of curved 

 bands produced by differential motion were most plainly marked, /and visible from the 

 distance of the anchorage. The ice composing the wall or cliff was evidently being 

 constantly bulged outwards by internal pressure, and masses were thus being split off 

 to fall on the beach, and be melted or floated off by the tide. The ire splits off along 

 the lilies of the longitudinal crevasses, and falls in slabs of the whole height of the 

 cliff; a freshly fallen slab, a longitudinal slice of the glacier, was lying on the 

 beach. 



Some stones dredged in 150 fathoms between Kerguelen Island and Heard Island 

 were believed to have been recently dropped by floating ice from Heard Island ; they 

 were not as yet penetrated by the water. 



The other glaciers in sight cut the shore line at right angles, and thus had no 

 terminal moraines, the stones brought down by them being washed away by the sea. 



The glaciers showed all the familiar phenomena of those of Europe with exact 

 similarity. There are here the same systems of crevasses, more marked in some regions 

 than others, and dying out towards the termination of the glacier where the surface is 

 smooth and generally rounded. The crevasses were of the usual deep blue colour, and 

 the ridges separating them of the usual fantastic shapes. Above, the glaciers were 

 covered with snow, which, as one looked higher and higher, was seen to gradually 

 obliterate the crevasses, and assume the appearance of a neve. The extent of glacier 

 free from snow was very small, the region in which thawing can take place to any 

 considerable extent being confined to range not far above sea level. Here and there were 

 to be seen on the surface of the glacier the usual deep vertical pipe-like holes full of 

 w r ater. These were lined by concentric layers of ice, composed of prisms disposed 

 radially to the centres of the holes and produced by successive night frosts. Cones of ice 

 covered with sand, and appearing as if composed of sand alone, but astonishing one 

 by their hard and resistant nature when struck with a stick, were also to be seen on the 

 glacier, just as on European glaciers ; but here the sand was black and volcanic. Small 

 table-stones were not uncommon upon the glacier, and in fact, all the phenomena caused 

 by thawing from the action of direct radiant heat were present. The usual narrow 

 longitudinal lines or cracks caused by the shearing of the ice in its differential motion 

 were present, and gave evidence of the grinding together of the closely opposed surfaces 

 forming; them. The dirt and stones on the surface of the ice were as usual more abundant 

 towards the termination of the glacier and the moraine, but they were not very numerous, 

 and there were no large stones amongst them, nor were any to be seen in the moraine. 

 The terminal moraine showed the usual irregular conical heaping, and also marks of 



